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Hydrodynamics, Mass and Heat Transfer in Reactive Distillation
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      The ethyl acetate synthesis via heterogeneous reactive distillation is studied experimentally using ethanol and acetic acid. Three types of cation exchanging resins were used as catalysts: Zerolit 225, Zerolit 226 and Ambylite 400. Experiments were carried out in two units of the same dimensions. Each unit consisted of three sections: rectifying, reactive and stripping sections of heights (60+25+20) cm respectively and 2.5cm column diameter. The first unit (column-A-) was a fractionation type and the second unit (column-B-) was packed column. The packing type was hollow glass cylinders with 10 mm height, and 4, 5 mm inner and outer diameter respectively.

      The experiments were carried out by using two operation modes. The semi-batch and continuous operation mode. In the first part of present investigation, the semi-batch mode was used to evaluate the catalyst type and to evaluate the performance of reactive distillation unit configuration (Fractionation and packed column). Results show that, the column-B- gave higher conversion rates than column-A-. This is attributed to the high surface area available for liquid vapour contact in packed type column, which leads to increasing mass transfer rates.  On the other hand, Ambylite 400 catalyst showed higher activity for esterification reaction than other two types of catalysts.

      The second part of work continued with column -B- only. It is well known that, the esterification process is regarded one of exothermic reactions. Therefore, the monitoring of the temperature distribution along column axial for all three types of catalysts showed that the temperature distribution was essentially the same due to steady state operation in continuous operation mode. On the other hand, the effect of reflux ratio on temperature distribution was clearly noted, that is as the reflux ratio increased the temperature distribution along the column was reduced for each type of catalysts.

      On the other hand, the experimental results point that, as a reflux ratio increases the conversion rates of acetic acid is increased too because such increasing is related to high mass transfer rates between  vapour and liquid along reactive distillation column.

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Publication Date
Tue Dec 29 2020
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
Evaluating the disclosure level due to Standards & Poor’s (S&P) Indicators And its effect on relevant accounting information An applied research in Baghdad bank
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The world and the business environment are constantly witnessing many economic changes that have led to the expansion of the business' volume due to mergers and the increase in an investments volume and the complexity of business and the transformation of some systems, which was reflected on the size of the risk and uncertainty which led to necessity of a presence of transparent and objective accounting information In the way that reflects the financial performance of the economic units to be available to all users of that information, therefore, The need for the existence of indicators for transparency in the disclosure of accounting information that these units adhere to. Standards & Poor's indicators, which included items

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Publication Date
Sat Oct 03 2026
Journal Name
Journal Of Baghdad College Of Dentistry
Salivary C- reactive protein in relation to periodontal health among a group of patients with rheumatoid arthritis in Iraq
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Background: Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic destructive inflammatory disease associated with destruction of joint connective tissues and bones, affecting 0.5%–1% of the population worldwide reporting higher prevalence of periodontitis among rheumatoid arthritis patients. The purpose of this study is to estimate level of salivary C-reactive protein in relation to the occurrence and severity of the periodontal disease and other oral parameters among group of patients with rheumatoid arthritis Material and methods: Fifty women patients with rheumatoid arthritis; twenty five on Methotrexate treatment and twenty five on combination treatment of Methotrexate and Etanercept selected as study groups with an age range (30-40) years old and

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Publication Date
Wed Jun 15 2022
Journal Name
Journal Of Baghdad College Of Dentistry
Assessment of salivary immunoglobulin A, interleu-kin-6 and C-reactive protein in chronic kidney dis-ease patients on hemodialysis and on conservative treatment
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Background: Chronic kidney disease is a gradual loss of kidney function with diabetes and hypertension as the leading cause. Chronic kidney disease is one of these systemic diseases that can affect salivary contents. Aims: This study aimed to assess salivary immunoglobulin A, interleukin-6 and C- reactive protein in chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis and those on conservative treatment in comparison with control subjects. Materials and methods: Ninety subjects were included in this study divided into three groups: 30 patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis for at least 6 months ago; 30 patients with chronic kidney disease on conservative treatment and 30 healthy control subjects. Secretory immunoglobulin A, inte

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Publication Date
Sat Nov 30 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of Engineering And Applied Sciences
Theoretical Estimation of Charge Transfer Rate at Some Nitrosyl Complexes
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The charge transfer at C23H17F8N8O2PRu, C44H30BF4N5O4Ru, C56H52CL5N5OOsP2 and C76H88F80N24O11P10Ru4 nitrosyl complexes are investigation and studies theoretically using the quantum consideration. Charge transfer behavior largely rely to the electric properties of nitrosyl complexes system whose depending on the main important parameters for the transmission rate constant such that: orientation transition energy, overlapping coupling coefficient, driving force energy, height barrier and Temperature T (K). Data results have been evaluated using a MATLAB program. Results show that rate of charge transfer increases due to increases the orientation transition energy.

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Publication Date
Wed Jan 01 2025
Journal Name
Smart Innovation, Systems And Technologies
An Exploration of Current Trends for Enhancing Multimedia Transfer Efficiency
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This report explores emerging techniques to boost multimedia transfer effectiveness, given the escalating need for improved quality and performance in multimedia interactions. The analysis involves a thorough literature assessment and comparison of present strategies to pinpoint key tendencies and propose novel approaches. The methodology involves examining recent technological enhance ments in video coding standards, quality appraisal methods, and compression tech niques. Specific domains investigated comprise firmware component architectures, 4D indexing structures, and iterative filtering frameworks. The study in addition weighs tradeoffs between video quality, encoding intricacy, and bitrate demands. Key determinations consist of

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Publication Date
Thu Sep 02 2021
Journal Name
Solid State Technology
Spectroscopic Investigation of Charge Transfer Complex And Adsorption of Nitrondye with Curcumin(1) Onmodified Attapulgiteclay
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A charge transfer complex formed by interaction between nitron as electron donor with curcumin(1 ) as electron acceptor in ethanol at the temperature of theroom to form a colored complex. The optimum conditions of complex formation were investigated by Univariate method. The linearity range of complex was (3.124– 53.11) μg.mL-1 at 442 nm with molar absorptivity (1858.33) L.mol-1.cm-1, Sandell's sensitivity (0.1681μg.cm-2), and with a correlation coefficient (0.9935). Both modified attapulgite and modified attapulgite – complex have been characterized by using , FTIR, SEM, AFM, and XRD. Theadsorption behaviourof complex onto the modified attapulgite has been researchedthrough the variation of the parameters like the adsorbent weight, p

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Publication Date
Thu Feb 01 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Comparison of Slice inverse regression with the principal components in reducing high-dimensions data by using simulation
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This research aims to study the methods of reduction of dimensions that overcome the problem curse of dimensionality when traditional methods fail to provide a good estimation of the parameters So this problem must be dealt with directly . Two methods were used to solve the problem of high dimensional data, The first method is the non-classical method Slice inverse regression ( SIR ) method and the proposed weight standard Sir (WSIR) method and principal components (PCA) which is the general method used in reducing dimensions,    (SIR ) and (PCA) is based on the work of linear combinations of a subset of the original explanatory variables, which may suffer from the problem of heterogeneity and the problem of linear

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Publication Date
Thu May 31 2012
Journal Name
Al-khwarizmi Engineering Journal
Experimental and Numerical Study of Crack Effect on Frequency of Simple Supported Beam
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In this research the natural frequency of a cracked simple supported beam (the crack is in many places and in different depths) is investigated analytically, experimentally and numerically by ANSYS program, and the results are compared. The beam is made of iron with dimensions of L*W*H= (0.84*0.02* 0.02m), and density = 7680kg/m3, E=200Gpa. A comparison made between analytical results from ANSYS with experimental results, where the biggest error percentage is about (7.2 %) in crack position (42 cm) and (6 mm) depth. Between Rayleigh method with experimental results the biggest error percentage is about (6.4 %) for the same crack position and depth. From the error percentages it could be concluded that the Rayleigh method gives

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Publication Date
Mon Aug 01 2022
Journal Name
Journal Of Engineering
Mechanical Integrity of Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger
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The printed circuit heat exchanger is a plate type heat exchanger with a high performance and compact size. Heat exchangers such as this need a unique form of bonding and other techniques to be used in their construction. In this study, the process of joining plates, diffusion bonding, was performed and studied. A special furnace was manufactured for bonding purposes. The bonding process of copper metal was carried out under specific conditions of a high temperature up to 700 oC, high pressure of 3.45 MPa, and in an inert environment (Argon gas) to make tensile samples. The tensile samples are cylindrical shapes containing groves representing the flow channels in the printed circuit heat exchanger and checking their tensile st

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Publication Date
Mon Jan 01 2018
Journal Name
Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry
Small-molecule anticancer agents kill cancer cells by harnessing reactive oxygen species in an iron-dependent manner
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In the course of generating a library of open-chain epothilones, we discovered a new class of small molecule anticancer agents that has no effect on tubulin but instead kills selected cancer cell lines by harnessing reactive oxygen species in an iron-dependent manner.

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