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Hydrodynamics, Mass and Heat Transfer in Reactive Distillation
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      The ethyl acetate synthesis via heterogeneous reactive distillation is studied experimentally using ethanol and acetic acid. Three types of cation exchanging resins were used as catalysts: Zerolit 225, Zerolit 226 and Ambylite 400. Experiments were carried out in two units of the same dimensions. Each unit consisted of three sections: rectifying, reactive and stripping sections of heights (60+25+20) cm respectively and 2.5cm column diameter. The first unit (column-A-) was a fractionation type and the second unit (column-B-) was packed column. The packing type was hollow glass cylinders with 10 mm height, and 4, 5 mm inner and outer diameter respectively.

      The experiments were carried out by using two operation modes. The semi-batch and continuous operation mode. In the first part of present investigation, the semi-batch mode was used to evaluate the catalyst type and to evaluate the performance of reactive distillation unit configuration (Fractionation and packed column). Results show that, the column-B- gave higher conversion rates than column-A-. This is attributed to the high surface area available for liquid vapour contact in packed type column, which leads to increasing mass transfer rates.  On the other hand, Ambylite 400 catalyst showed higher activity for esterification reaction than other two types of catalysts.

      The second part of work continued with column -B- only. It is well known that, the esterification process is regarded one of exothermic reactions. Therefore, the monitoring of the temperature distribution along column axial for all three types of catalysts showed that the temperature distribution was essentially the same due to steady state operation in continuous operation mode. On the other hand, the effect of reflux ratio on temperature distribution was clearly noted, that is as the reflux ratio increased the temperature distribution along the column was reduced for each type of catalysts.

      On the other hand, the experimental results point that, as a reflux ratio increases the conversion rates of acetic acid is increased too because such increasing is related to high mass transfer rates between  vapour and liquid along reactive distillation column.

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Publication Date
Sun Dec 02 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Education For Women
The role of environmental governance in maintaining environmental systems and achieving urban sustainability
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The solution to the problems and challenges of the twenty-first century requires the absorption of many transformations, such as demographic change, poverty reduction, the expansion of safe and clean energy without affecting the environment, as well as reducing health risks and other transitions. It also requires greater cooperation than is possible in the current global system, because both of these constraints and challenges, even if addressed locally or nationally, are because of the potential for their transnational impact, that is, their impact on the lives of people at the global level, Which is necessary to be fully addressed unless it is guided by a comprehensive global vision. This is what environmental governance provides in te

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Publication Date
Fri Dec 01 2017
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Financial reporting of grants and assistance in self-financing units according IAS 20
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The objective of the research is to clarify the grants and aids as a conceptual input, identify the factors of obtaining them and their objectives, and the statement of the need to produce accounting information that enhances financial reporting related to grants and assistance, especially the presentation of the accounting treatments provided by the unified accounting system and determining the shortcomings of that system, The accounting requirements of IAS20 to limit the variation of treatments with application to the economic unit (the research sample) are presented.

The study reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is the absence of an accounting base in Iraq that determines the basi

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Publication Date
Sun Jun 30 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Education For Women
Intertextuality with Prophetic Hadith in the Poetry of Safiyaddin Alhilliyy (Tools and Implications)
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 تحقق القراءةُ التَّناصيَّة قيمة موضوعيَّة للدرسِ النَّقديّ المعاصر؛ بمؤثراتها الثَّقافيَّة، والمعرفيَّة، لأنَّ الإبداعَ من سمات التُّراث الشِّعري في العصر الوسيط، وهو مسرحٌ لتداخلات نصِّيَّة مع مصادر متعددة دينيَّة، وأدبيَّة، وتاريخيَّة أداء ومضامين؛ يأتي اختيارُ (التَّناص مع الحديث النَّبوي في شعر صفيّ الدِّين الحلّي)؛ بوصفه امتدادًا شعريَّا أصيلًا لحضارة راقية معطاء

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Publication Date
Thu Jan 04 2024
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
Internet of Things (IOT) Technology and its Role in Reducing air ticket Costs
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Abstract:

                The aim of this research is to highlight the importance of reducing the cost of a flight ticket by using information technology and the Internet, in the process of purchasing tickets for electronic flights, and to shift from the traditional method of purchasing and payment operations to the electronic method, to reduce the financial and non-financial risks associated with the traditional purchase process, as well as saving the cost Time, effort and money for the customer, and the researcher used the deductive approach in linking the variables (Internet of Things technology and reducing the costs of air tickets) wi

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Publication Date
Wed Sep 28 2022
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Education For Women
Women's Rape in Iraq between Legislation and Social Norms: A Critical Discourse Analysis
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Recently, women's rape has been a pervasive problem in the Iraqi society. Thus, it has become necessary to consider the role of language and its influence on the common beliefs and opinions about rape in the Iraqi society. Thus, taking into consideration the critical role of language and its impact on the perception of human reality and the social development based on people's beliefs and principles of life has become highly indispensable. Therefore. The aim of this article is to address this problem critically from legislation and social norms in NGOs' reports (2015; 2019) with reference to some provisions from the Iraqi Panel Code (1969; 2010). Therefore, the researchers examine the discursive strategies and ideological viewpoints in t

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Publication Date
Mon Feb 19 2018
Journal Name
Al-academy
Employing cultural forms in the works of Mohammed Ghani Hikmat and Murtada Haddad
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Man always reacts by employing data that he lives inside Artworks and he tries to make them an ideal speech that shows the most important intellectual trends to which he belongs, as it happened in the formal building of the ancient arts . Mesopotamia is one of the civilizations that interacted with the intellectual legibility transforming into visual symbols, so it is difficult for the researcher to interpret these symbols without considering the nature of these civilizations in general .
This current search aims to identify similarities and differences in the recruitment of cultural shapes between the works of the sculptors (Mohammed Ghani Hikmat and Murtada Haddad) .
Researcher adopted an approach of analytical description of the

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Crossref
Publication Date
Wed Sep 15 2021
Journal Name
Al-academy
Poster design and its role in drug control: باسم محمد صالح مهدي الخالدي
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Our dear country faces many and varied challenges aimed at its history, civilization, its people, the scourge of drugs and psychotropic substances and their misuse. Therefore, we have a historical, ethical and professional responsibility to coordinate efforts and cooperation between all concerned to protect the Iraqi society from the threat of this scourge. Creative sources have varied in the variety of expressive means in politics, literature and the arts, in their style and technical treatment of various topics with innovative manifestations and intuitive interactive with visions as well as influences Psychological expressive descriptions of visual scene, it is one of the media and propaganda that contribute to the raising and developm

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Publication Date
Sun Dec 15 2019
Journal Name
Al-academy
Organism and its Aesthetic Connections in the Interior Design: حسنين صباح داوّد سلمان
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Organism is considered one of the intellectual products that search for compatibility and harmony with the natural environment. Man has adopted on since the ancient times in choosing his residence through imitating nature such as animal burrows, hives, bird nests and others of the natural manifestations being spontaneous inspirations. With the development of the age, these concepts turned into an analysis that examines the philosophy that deals with the shapes and functions of various elements in the nature as a source of inspiration, and discusses the call for contemplation and achieving benefits physically and spiritually in line with the nature of the organic thought that seeks to keep up with modern technologies that are characterize

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Publication Date
Thu Jun 01 2023
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Batch and flow injection spectrophotometric methods for determination of Ceftazidime in pharmaceutical formulations
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It is generally accepted that there are two spectrophotometric techniques for quantifying ceftazidime (CFT) in bulk medications and pharmaceutical formulations.  The methods  are described as simple, sensitive, selective, accurate and efficient techniques. The first method used an alkaline medium to convert ceftazidime to its diazonium salt, which is then combined with the 1-Naphthol (1-NPT) and 2-Naphthol (2-NPT) reagents. The azo dye that was produced brown  and red in color with absorption intensities of ƛmax 585 and 545nm respectively. Beer's law was followed in terms of concentration ranging from  (3-40) µg .ml-1 For (CFT-1-NPT) and (CFT-2-NPT), the detection limits were 1.0096 and 0.8017 µg.ml-1, respec

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Scopus (3)
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Publication Date
Tue Sep 15 2020
Journal Name
Al-academy
Theatrical Play Strategy in Enabling and Constructing the Child's Character: سافرة ناجي جاسم
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  Since the human being knew simulation as an expressive style of expressing himself which developed into dramatic arts that have their aesthetic uniqueness involving their own constructive techniques, the art of the theatre had a pioneering role in the development of the human awareness of himself. That’s why it was and still is in all its aesthetic manifestations a free space for the self –disclosure thus man has been simulated as he is the main theme of the existence and its main wealth. Thus the interest in the child's theatre began, because this theatrical pattern has its effectiveness in the construction of the human self and enabling it to be a productive source for a life that accommodates and elevates the human action t

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