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Kinetic Study of Esterification Reaction
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The Esterification kinetics of acetic acid with ethanol in the presence of sulfuric acid as a homogenous catalyst was studied with isothermal batch experiments at 50-60°C and at a different molar ratio of ethanol to acetic acid [EtOH/Ac]. Investigation of kinetics of the reaction indicated that the low of [EtOH/Ac] molar ratio is favored for esterification reaction, this is due to the reaction is catalyzed by acid. The maximum conversion, approximately 80% was obtained at 60°C for molar ratio of 10 EtOH/Ac. It was found that increasing temperature of the reaction, increases the rate constant and conversion at a certain mole ratio, that is due to the esterification is exothermic. Activity coefficients were calculated using UNIFAC program. Results showed deviation in activation energy in the non-ideal system of about 20% this is due to the polarities of water and ethanol compared to the non-polar ethyl acetate this dissimilarity leading to strong non- ideal behavior. The homogenous reaction has been described with simple power-law model. The chemical equilibrium combustion calculated form the kinetic model in agreement with the measured chemical equilibrium.

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Publication Date
Wed Dec 30 2020
Journal Name
Modern Sport
The effect of special exercises using rubber ropes to develop special endurance and achieve a 200-meter freestyle swimming
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Swimming has now become the focus of attention of specialists, which has led to the search for the best methods and various methods of training, which rely heavily on scientific research and studies, through the use of proper planning and a comprehensive scientific and practical vision in the preparation and training process for this game. Some studies have proven that  The use of training methods has a positive role in the athletic training of the swimmer, provided that these methods are used in the correct way according to the scientific principles of training and with the loads and stresses that serve the specialized activity, i.e. the swimming distance. The study aimed at the follow 1- Preparing exercises using elastic ro

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Publication Date
Mon May 09 2022
Journal Name
International Academic Journal Of Economics
Analysis of the Relationship between Fiscal Policy Shocks and Monetary Stability in Iraq's Economy for the Period 1990-2018
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The research aims to measure the impact of positive and negative fiscal policy shocks on monetary stability in Iraq, which represents monetary stability as an indicator of real and price stability. Fiscal policy shocks are quantitative changes in public spending and public revenue affecting the output and price cycle, and fiscal policy despite the accompanying time gaps, but it remains a policy Influential and has a significant degree of impact on economic growth and development in developing countries. The fiscal policy represents a numerical translation of the economic and social objectives planned in the state's general budget tool consistent with the GDP cycle. The economic and social goals stem from the core of the functions and the ma

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Publication Date
Tue Aug 17 2021
Journal Name
مجلة علوم التربية الرياضية
Skill performance in terms of the most important anthropometric variables and motor abilities among junior football players in Iraq
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Football tennis is a team game derived from the integration of football skills, tennis and some of the laws of volleyball. This game originated in 1920, but it was officially approved in 2010 and an international federation was formed for it. Football tennis, like other sports, has its own basic laws and rules, but it is characterized by physical requirements, the way of playing and how to perform skills. Determining these abilities and working to improve and develop them is important and a scientific step to reach the best results, as the special abilities of the game contribute to mastering technical performance of skills and play without errors and thus competition in an ideal technical and legal situation. The research aims to:

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Publication Date
Wed Dec 12 2018
Journal Name
Iop Conference Series: Materials Science And Engineering
The performance of MnO<sub>2</sub>/graphite electrode for TOC removal from wastewater by indirect electrochemical oxidation process
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Electrochemical oxidation in the presence of sodium chloride used for removal of phenol and any other organic by products formed during the electrolysis by using MnO2/graphite electrode. The performance of the electrode was evaluated in terms fraction of phenol and the formed organic by products removed during the electrolysis process. The results showed that the electrochemical oxidation process was very effective in the removal of phenol and the other organics, where the removal percentage of phenol was 97.33%, and the final value of TOC was 6.985 ppm after 4 hours and by using a speed of rotation of the MnO2 electrode equal to 200 rpm.

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Publication Date
Fri May 12 2023
Journal Name
Bulletin Of The Chemical Society Of Ethiopia
SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, ANTIMICROBIAL STUDIES, AND MOLECULAR DOCKING STUDIES OF TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES FORMED FROM A BENZOTHIAZOLE-BASED AZO LIGAND
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The azo ligand obtained from the diazotization reaction of 2-aminobenzothiazole and 4- nitroaniline yielded a novel series of complexes with Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) ions. The complexes were investigated using spectral techniques such as UV-Vis, FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic analyses, LC-MS and atomic absorption spectrometry, electrical conductivity, and magnetic susceptibility. The molar ratio of the synthesized compounds was determined using the ligand exchange ratio, which revealed the metal-ligand ratios in the isolated complexes were 1:2. The synthesized complexes were tested for antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, E. coli, C. albicans, and C. tropicalis bacterial species. Additionally, their binding affinities we

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Publication Date
Sat Jul 01 2023
Journal Name
Journal Of Water Process Engineering
Removal kinetics of organic carbon from palm oil mill effluent by native duckweeds and its potential as a biofertilizer
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Publication Date
Wed Jun 15 2022
Journal Name
Journal Of Baghdad College Of Dentistry
Surface Characterization of PEKK Modified by stron-tium –hydroxyapatite coating as implant material Via the magnetron sputtering Deposition technique
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Background: The best material for dental implants is polyetherketoneketone (PEKK). However, this substance is neither osteoinductive nor osteoconductive, preventing direct bone apposition. Modifying the PEKK with bioactive elements like strontium hydroxyapatite is one method to overcome this (Sr-HA). Due to the technique's capacity to provide better control over the coating's properties, RF magnetron sputtering has been found to be a particularly useful technique for deposition. Materials and methods : With specific sputtering conditions, the RF magnetron technique was employed to provide a homogeneous and thin coating on Polyetherketoneketone substrates.. the coatings were characterized by Contact angle, adhesion test, X-ray

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Publication Date
Fri Jun 30 2017
Journal Name
Journal Of Engineering
Performance Evaluation of a PID and a Fuzzy PID Controllers Designed for Controlling a Simulated Quadcopter Rotational Dynamics Model
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This work is concerned with designing two types of controllers, a PID and a Fuzzy PID, to be used
for flying and stabilizing a quadcopter. The designed controllers have been tuned, tested, and
compared using two performance indices which are the Integral Square Error (ISE) and the Integral
Absolute Error (IAE), and also some response characteristics like the rise time, overshoot, settling
time, and the steady state error. To try and test the controllers, a quadcopter mathematical model has
been developed. The model concentrated on the rotational dynamics of the quadcopter, i.e. the roll,
pitch, and yaw variables. The work has been simulated with “MATLAB”. To make testing the
simulated model and the controllers m

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Publication Date
Thu Feb 01 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Engineering
Upgrading of Alum Preparation and Dosing Unit for Sharq Dijla Water Treatment Plant by Using Programmable Logic Controller System
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One of the important units in Sharq Dijla Water Treatment Plant (WTP) first and second extensions are the alum solution preparation and dosing unit. The existing operation of this unit accomplished manually starting from unloading the powder alum in the preparation basin and ending by controlling the alum dosage addition through the dosing pumps to the flash mix chambers. Because of the modern trend of monitoring and control the automatic operation of WTPs due to the great benefits that could be gain from optimum equipment operation, reducing the operating costs and human errors. This study deals with how to transform the conventional operation to an automatic monitoring and controlling system depending on a Programmable

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Publication Date
Thu Dec 01 2016
Journal Name
Croatian Journal Of Fisheries
Morphometric Characteristics of Catfish<i>Silurus triostegus</i>(Heckel, 1843) from the Tigris and Shatt Al-Arab Rivers, Iraq
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Abstract<p>Thirteen morphometric characters of catfish<italic>Silurus triostegus</italic>were studied from three localities on the Tigris and Shatt al-Arab rivers, Iraq. Monthly samples revealed no significant differences between genders. Positive allometric growths for all morphometric characters studied were observed. This study gives information to fishery biologists about morphometric characters of<italic>S. triostegus</italic>from the Tigris and Shatt al-Arab rivers to assist in planning of conservation strategies for this fish species.</p>
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