Cities witnessing mass-gathering events, such as Kerbala-Iraq, are peculiar in respect to their needs in controlling tuberculosis. DOTS was implemented in Kerbala almost two decades ago. GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay is adopted in the hope to escalate case detection rates, however, its performance is not evaluated yet. Records of 3254 patients suspected to have pulmonary TB whom they referred to the chest and Respiratory illnesses center of Kerbala governorate were analyzed. The overall trends of TB detection rates showed declining pattern over the year before the adoption of GeneXpert MTB/RIF. In the year of adoption of Xpert MTB/RIF, the detection rates raised, then after declined again. The GeneXpert MTB/RIF has add

New biscarboxylato zwitterionic ligands, namely bis(N-carboxylatoethyl)-4,4 -dipyridinum) L1 and bis(Ncarboxylatopropyl)-)-4,4 -dipyridinum) L2, were synthesized from the reaction of 4,4 -dipyridine with 3-bromopropanoic acid and 4-bromobutanoic acid, respectively. The reaction of these ligands and the azido coligand with some metal ions resulted in the formation of polymeric complexes of general formulae [Cr2(Ln)(N3)4]Cl2·H2O and [M2(Ln)(N3)4] xH2O, where (M = Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II); n = 1, 2; x = 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, and 1, respectively.) The oxygens of the carboxylato group are coordinated to the metal ion in a bidentate fashion. The mode of bonding and overall geometry of the complexes were determin

Background: Directly observed therapy-short course (DOTS) had been adopted by World Health Organization (WHO) as hopeful strategy for treatment of tuberculosis (TB) since early nineties. Iraqi health authorities started DOTS implementation since 2001 in Baghdad. Coverage expanded gradually till 100% in 2004. War and unstable security condition hit Iraq since March 2003. Objective: The objective of this study was To evaluate the DOTS implementation program in Baghdad in different periods including 2 unstable periods for proper assessment of war and instability on treatment of TB. Patients and methods: This study had been conducted in Baghdad during four different periods (before and during 2003 war, after war; without and with DOTS). Dire

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of different doses of Duprost in the liver and blood of albino mice. The current study included twenty one albino mice, obtained and grouped into 3 groups: control (3 mice), acute group (12 mice) and chronic group (6 mice). The acute group was subdivided into 4 groups and each group of 3mice, was given a lonely oral dose of (0.25ml, 0.15ml, 0.1 ml and 0.05ml respectively) for 24 hours. Whereas the third group was subdivided into 2 groups and each set was given a daily dose of (0.15ml and 0.05 ml respectively) for 30 days. After the mentioned periods, blood samples from each animal were taken for blood analysis. Then, the mice of all groups were sacrificed and the livers were removed, pro

Crude-colicin  was extracted from g.coli isolated from urinary tract

infection patients. Toxicity of various concentrations of crudt: colicin

on the viability of immune cells [phagocytic ceUs(M0,PMN) and lymphocytes]  was studied.  Results  indicated  that  toxicity  ciTect of crude colicin is dependent on concentration. Low concentrations (I0,

25, 50  mg/ml)  didn't  have  toxic  effects,  but  when  there  was an increase  in  the  consternation  of  this  extract, the    viability  of  the immune cell s began to decrease.

 The deficit budget, one of the results of increased public spending for their revenues due to the economic pressures imposed by the interest of the economies of those countries from the need to increase government spending in order to revitalize the national economy and accelerate economic growth rates and provide employment to the growing levels of unemployment in those countries opportunities and what is required to address the current debt crisis (borrowing), which has become a big burden on the governments and the need to move towards the application of austerity spending and tax increases, which inevitably forced those countries will be reflected reduced spending on basic aspects of life and their peoples, particularly earners

   The study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial activity of water and alcoholic extracts (cold and hot) of plant Zingiber officinale against different types of bacteria includeing (Staphylococcus aureus ØŒ Staphylococcus epidermis ØŒ Escherichia coli ØŒ Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  ØŒProteus spp.and Klebsilla pneumoniae).  High effect of the hot (water and alcoholic) extracts of plant Zingiber officinale was on the different types of bacteria.          Investigation of presence of active compounds (Alkaloids, Glycoside, Tannins, Saponine and Resine) in this plant parts was carried out.        Sensitivity test of the isolate

Recent developments in two main phases of cumulus cloud studies are discussed; first the relations between the clouds and their energy sources in the subcloud layer and second, the interaction between the clouds and their environment in the cloud layer. Under the first heading, the various originating impulses for cumulus formation are mentionitd. and how the character of this impulse affects the spacing, scale and temperature structure of the clouds. The possible origins of trade cumuli are considered.

Twelve stations in the cities of Kufa and Mishkhab were selected for studying the geotechnical, including physical, engineering, chemical and mineralogical, properties of soils in the river banks along the Euphrates River. Grain size distribution of the bank soils showed higher silt than clay and sand percentages. Soil samples from the 12 stations were classified according to the USCS standards. Silt with low plasticity constituted 91% of the silt fraction, whereas that with high plasticity composed 9%. The saturated density values ranged between 1.75-2.073 g/cm³ with an average of 1.953 g/cm³, while the dry density values ranged between 1.307-1.740 g/cm³ with an average of 1.553 g/cm³. The val

   Smoking has multiple effects on sex hormone , some of which are associated with important clinical implication .The present study was undertaken to  investigate the biochemical changes  of sex hormones associated with long standing cigarette smoking in 40 heavy smokers comparing with non- smoker and to correlate it with BMI for each .The sex hormones levels were determined by RIA  technique . Atomic absorption technique was used to measure the zinc levels.         The serum testosterone and estrogen levels of non – smoker group were 17.775ng\ml and 38.65ng\ml at p< 0.05, respectively .While the serum testosterone and estrogen levels of smoker group were 17.615n