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Background: This in vitro study compares a self-etch primer (SEP) to an etch-and-rinse (EaR) for bonding sapphire
brackets by evaluation of the enamel etch-pattern, shear bond strength, amount of remnant adhesive and enamel
surface damage following thermal and fatigue cyclic loading.
Material and Methods: Ceramic (sapphire) brackets were bonded to 80 extracted human premolars using two
enamel etching protocols: conventional EaR using 37% phosphoric acid (PA) gel (control), and a SEP (Transbond
Plus). Each group was subdivided into two subgroups (n=20 teeth) according to the time of bracket debonding:
after 24 h water storage or following 5000 thermo-cycles plus 5000 cycles fatigue loading, to determine the shear
bond strength (SBS), adhesiv
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