Background: preparation of root canals is an important step in root canal treatment. Mechanical instrumentation of root canals cause an irregular layer of debris, known as the smear layer. As a result, several studies reported that preferring the removal of the smear layer. Objective: To study the influence of the energy (100 mJ) of Erbium, Chromium: Yttrium Scandium Gallium Garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser at short pulse duration (60 μs)  on smear layer removal of apical third after using Photon induced photoacoustic streaming technique. Materials and methods: Eighteen straight single-rooted mandibular premolars were used. The roots length were uniform to 14mm from the anatomic apex and

The effect of White Place Image ( Test Image )  A4   has been studied as a function of luminous intensity using the  t tu un ng gs st te en n    l la am mpp and web camera enet. It was found that the tungsten lamp gives almost even intensities for the three color band and  lighting composite at low voltage .while at high voltage causes a fare from each other .  The statistical characteristic(mean and stander deviation ) results for three colors composites RGB and lighting  composites L showed that the mean and stander deviation increases with the increase of voltage possibly owing to the increase image  resolution, which reflects the value of  stander deviation for the blue band

SGI2 wild type isolate of Sinorhizobium meliloti was isolated from Medicago sativa (alfalfa) plant which was obtained from Al-Tarmiaa region / Baghdad. Nine auxotrophic mutants were obtained from the SGI2 wild type isolate by mutagenesis with Nitrous acid (HNO2). The SGI2 wild type and the all auxotrophic mutant isolates had two Megaplasmids; pSymA and pSymB. No genetic variations in plasmid number and size were detected when gel electrophoresis was done for plasmid profile detection. Genetic variations by using RAPD-PCR technique were obtained between wild type and auxotrophic mutant isolates. One band was detected in SGI6 gel profile with 1.5 Kb size when OPY-04 primer was used. Using OPB7 primer by using RAPD-PCR technique showed larg

The Reversed  Phase High Performance Liquid  Chromatography (RP-HPLC) has been used for the separation of  Poly aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) by using column Reprosil 100 C 18 which  was found to be a suitable one for this purpose. The result showed that using mobile phase of (Acetonitrile-water) Reversed Phase HPLC , flow rate  of (1.2 ml/min) , column temperature (30CËš) and wave length of (254nm), give a complete separation with a good resolution . The total separation time was less than 20 min. The result of the study showed that the vegetables of Baghdad city were   polluted by poly aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in different places where samples taken because of drainage  of the heavy water ,ind

A spectrophotometric method has been proposed for the determination of two drugs containing phenol group [phenylephrine hydrochloride (PHP) and salbutamol sulphate (SLB)] in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The method is based on the diazotization reaction of metoclopramide hydrochloride (MCP) and coupling of the diazotized reagent with drugs in alkaline medium to give intense orange colored product (?max at 470 nm for each of PHP and SLB). Variable parameters such as temperature, reaction time and concentration of the reactants have been analyzed and optimized. Under the proposed optimum condition, Beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range of 1-32 and 1-14 ?g mL-1 for PHP and SLB, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) and l

This work describes the enhancement of phenol red decolorization through immobilizing of laccase in chitosan and enzyme recycling. Commercial laccase from white rot fungus, Trametesversicolor (Tvlac), was immobilizedin to freshly prepared chitosan beads by using glutaraldehyde as a cross linker. Characterization of prepared chitosan was confirmed by FTIR and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Tvlac (46.2 U/mL) immobilized into chitosan beads at 0.8 % glutaraldehyde (v/v) within 24 hrs. Synthetic (HBT) and natural (vanillin) mediators were used to enhance dye decolorizoation. It was found that 89 % of phenol red was decolorized by chitosan beads within 180 min. in the absence of enzyme and mediator, while decolorization percenta

One of the most significant elements influencing weather, climate, and the environment is vegetation cover. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) over the years 2019–2022 were estimated based on four Landsat 8 TIRS’s images covering Duhok City. Using the radiative transfer model, the city's land surface temperature (LST) during the next four years was calculated. The aim of this study is to compute the temperature at the land's surface (LST) from the years 2019-2022 and understand the link, between LST, NDVI, and NDBI and the capability for mapping by LANDSAT-8 TIRS's. The findings revealed that the NDBI and the NDVI had the strongest correlation with the

      In this research, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is prepared  through the Hummers method with a slight change in some of the work steps, thus, a new method has been created for preparing carbon nanotubes which is similar to the original Hummers method that is used to prepare graphene oxide. Then, the suspension carbon nanotubes is transferred to a simple electrode position platform consisting of two electrodes and the cell body for the coating and reduction of the carbon nanotubes on ITO glass which represents the cathode electrode while platinum represents the anode electrode. The deposited layer of carbon nanotubes is examined through the scanning electron microscope technique (SEM), and the images throughout the research show the