The aim of this study is to shed light on the importance of biofuels as an alternative to conventional energy, in addition to the importance of preserving agricultural crops, which are the main source of this fuel, to maintain food security, especially in developing countries. The increase in global oil prices, in addition to the fear of global warming, are among the main factors that draw the world’s attention to searching for alternative sources of traditional energy, which are sustainable on the one hand, and on the other hand reduce carbon emissions. Therefore, the volume of global investment in renewable energy in general, and in liquid biofuels and biomass in particular, has increased. Global fears emerged that the excessive conversion of large farms suitable for growing food to energy production would threaten global food security. In the first ten years of the new millennium, biofuel production increased fivefold, and the largest increase in biofuel production was recorded in 2007-2008, coinciding with a sharp rise in food prices. Compared to the average food prices in the period 2002-2004, the average global prices of cereals, oils and fats traded were 2 to 2.5 times higher in 2008, this continuous increase in the use of food crops to produce biofuels has reflected on global food security. Accordingly, this review article will address previous studies on biofuel production; identify the theoretical framework for the concept of biofuels and its characteristics, and the relationship between biofuels and food security. In this study, we presented biofuels, which are considered one of the important categories in the field of renewable energy and its environmental and economic effects, as well as the experiences of some countries in its production, and the possibility of benefiting from the natural resources available for its production. We will discuss the scientific (chemical) principles of biofuel production.
(1)
Research in Iraq has expanded in the field of material technology involving the properties of the lightweight concrete using natural aggregate. The use of the porcelinate aggregate in the production of structural light concrete has a wide objective
and requires a lot of research to become suitable for practical application. In this work metakaolin was used to improve compressive strength of lightweight porcelinate concrete which usually have a low compressive strength about 17 MPa . The effect of metakaolin on compressive, splitting tensile, flexure strengths and modulus of elasticity of lightweight porcelinate concrete have been investigated. Many experiments were carried out by replacing cement with different percentages of
met
(4)
This study investigates the ionic conduction dependence on the size of alkaline cations in gel polymer electrolytes based on double iodide can enhance by incorporating a salt having a bulky cation.
... Show More
(2)
The fouling depositions of crude oil stream were studied theoretically in a shell and tube heat exchanger to investigate the effect of depositions on the heat transfer process. The employed heat exchanger was with steam flowing in the inner tubes and crude oil in the shell at different velocities and bulk temperatures. It is assumed that fouling occurs only on the heated stream side (crude oil). The analysis was carried out for turbulent flow heat transfer conditions with wide range of Reynolds number, bulk temperature and time. Many previously proposed models for fouling resistance were employed to estimate a new model for fouling rate. It is found that the fouling rate and consequently the heat transfer coefficient were affected by Rey
... Show MoreThe main goal of this paper is to study applications of the fractional calculus techniques for a certain subclass of multivalent analytic functions on Hilbert Space. Also, we obtain the coefficient estimates, extreme points, convex combination and hadamard product.
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are composed of a collection of rechargeable sensor nodes. Typically, sensor nodes collect and deliver the necessary data in response to a user’s specific request in many application areas such as health, military and domestic purposes. Applying routing protocols for sensor nodes can prolong the lifetime of the network. Power Efficient GAthering in Sensor Information System (PEGASIS) protocol is developed as a chain based protocol that uses a greedy algorithm in selecting one of the nodes as a head node to transmit the data to the base station. The proposed scheme Multi-cluster Power Efficient GAthering in Sensor Information System (MPEGASIS) is developed based on PEGASIS routing protocol in WSN. The aim
... Show MoreIn these notes, our goal is to give some results on criterion for complex analytic map-germs by their tangent spaces with respect to -equivalence where is the module of complex analytic vector fields on .In addition, we give some results about -trivial analytic family, the direct product and direct sum of map-germs.
Human cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is caused by Leishmania sp. parasite and endemic in Iraq. The current study was including analysis of available database from Iraqi CDC to determine the distribution of CL cases for the period (2008-2015 years) in Iraq. Total reported cases for this period were 17001 (range 2.9-10.5 per 100,000 individuals). Highest reported cases were recorded in the year 2015 (4000 cases). Male infections cases of CL (50.8%) were more than female infections (49.2%). Highest infections of CL were observed in the age group (5-14yr.) as (34.6%), While the lowest infection of CL were observed in the age group (>1yr.) as (4.3%). Highest infection case of CL was observed in the middle and west of Iraq (53%). In contrast,
... Show MoreThis study was conducted according to contract with the North Refineries Company-Baiji and deals with the hydrodesulphurization of vacuum gas oil of Kirkuk crude oil, boiling range 611-833 K. A trickle bed reactor packed with a commercial cobalt-molybdenum on alumina catalyst was used. The operating conditions were: temperature range 583-643 K, liquid hourly space velocity range 1.50-3.75 1/h, hydrogen to oil ratio about 250 l/l and pressure kept constant at 3.5MPa.
The results showed that the aromatic content decreased and sulfur removal increased with increasing temperature and decreasing space velocity. The properties (viscosity, density, flash point and carbon residue) of the products decrease with temperature increasing, but the