High smoke emissions, nitrogen oxide and particulate matter typically produced by diesel engines. Diminishing the exhausted emissions without doing any significant changes in their mechanical configuration is a challenging subject. Thus, adding hydrogen to the traditional fuel would be the best practical choice to ameliorate diesel engines performance and reduce emissions. The air hydrogen mixer is an essential part of converting the diesel engine to work under dual fuel mode (hydrogen-diesel) without any engine modification. In this study, the Air-hydrogen mixer is developed to get a homogenous mixture for hydrogen with air and a stoichiometric air-fuel ratio according to the speed of the engine. The mixer depends on the balance between th

A Copper- Mullet walled Carbon Nanotube Cu/MWCNT composite coatings prepared by direct and pulse electrodeposition with various contents of MWCNT particles, using electrodeposition method from acidic sulfate bath. The effect of the current density, pulse frequency and  particle loading (PL) of MWCNT particle in the electrolyte on the morphology and volume fraction Vol% of MWCNT in deposit were investigate. The experimental results indicated that the depositing condition affect on the microstructure of deposited copper and MWCNT Vol% in deposit. Also, the Vol% of MWCNT increases in deposit with particle loading (PL) increasing in the bath and increased with increased current density. Increasing MWCNTs in electrolyte produced increase

A cumulative review with a systematic approach aimed to provide a comparison of studies’ investigating the possible impact of the active form of vitamin D3, calcitriol (CTL), on the tooth movement caused by orthodontic forces (OTM) by evaluating the quality of evidence, based on collating current data from animal model studies, in vivo cell culture studies, and human clinical trials. Methods: A strict systematic review protocol was applied following the application of the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). A structured search strategy, including main keywords, was defined during detailed search with the application of electronic database systems: Medline/Pubmed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, and

A mathematical eco-epidemiological model consisting of harvested prey–predator system involving fear and disease in the prey population is formulated and studied. The prey population is supposed to be separated into two groups: susceptible and infected. The susceptible prey grows logistically, whereas the infected prey cannot reproduce and instead competes for the environment’s carrying capacity. Furthermore, the disease is transferred through contact from infected to susceptible individuals, and there is no inherited transmission. The existence, positivity, and boundedness of the model’s solution are discussed. The local stability analysis is carried out. The persistence requirements are established. The global behavior of th

     Numerical simulations were carried out to evaluate the effects of different aberrations modes on the performance of optical system, when observing and imaging the solar surface. Karhunen-Loeve aberrations modes were simulated as a wave front error in the aperture function of the optical system. To identify and apply the appropriate rectification that removes or reduces various types of aberration, their attribute must be firstly determined and quantitatively described. Wave aberration function is well suitable for this purpose because it fully characterizes the progressive effect of the optical system on the wave front passing through the aperture. The Karhunen-Loeve polynomials for circular aperture were used to

In this paper, Al and Cu Plasmas that produced by pulsed Nd:YAG laser with fundamental wave length with a pulse duration of 6 nS focused onto Al and Cu targets in atmospheric air are investigated spectroscopically. The influence of pulse laser energy on the some Al and Cu plasmas characteristics was diagnosed by using optical emission spectroscopy for the wavelength range 320-740 nm. The results observed that the increase of pulse laser energy causes to increase all plasma characteristics of both plasmas under study and shown increasing of the emission line intensity. The appearance of the atomic and ionic emission lines of an element in the emission spectrum depends on the ionization energy of target atoms. The plasma characteristics ar

In this research, the electrical characteristics of glow discharge plasma were studied. Glow discharge plasma generated in a home-made DC magnetron sputtering system, and a DC-power supply of high voltage as input to the discharge electrodes were both utilized. The distance between two electrodes is 4cm. The gas used to produce plasma is argon gas which flows inside the chamber at a rate of 40 sccm. The influence of work function for different target materials (gold, copper, and silver), - 5cm in diameter and around 1mm thickness - different working pressures, and different applied voltages on electrical characteristics (discharge current, discharge potential, and Paschen’s curve) were studied. The results showed that the discharge cur