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Association between self‐reported oral disease/conditions and symptoms of depression among Iraqi individuals
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Abstract<sec><title>Aims

The negative impact of oral diseases on the function, economy, and general health of the population is well‐documented. In the last decades, evidence linking increased expression of depression and oral diseases/conditions has significantly increased. The aim of this study is to assess the association between oral disease/conditions and self‐reported symptoms of depression individuals.

Methods

A specially designed questionnaire was distributed via social media for 1 week. It consisted of two main sections; the first section was dedicated to collect demographic variables and self‐reported symptoms of oral diseases. The second section, Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 (PHQ‐9), was used to assess the severity of depression via nine questions using a 4‐point Likert scale. Association between depression and oral disease was determined by linear regression analysis.

Results

A total of 1975 participants responded fully to the questionnaire and were included in the final analysis. The majority of participants, about 60%, showed mild to moderate symptoms of depression, while 8.9% expressed severe symptoms. Oral diseases positively associated with depression were caries, missing teeth, gingival bleeding, gingival recession, teeth mobility, and dry mouth (R2 = .155). In contrast, increased esthetic level of teeth/gingiva significantly decreased the feeling of depression.

Conclusions

Results indicated that oral diseases, particularly those adversely affecting function and esthetics, were associated with symptoms of depression in Iraqi individuals. These findings highlighted the importance of maintaining oral health as part of the general psychological wellbeing of the population.

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Sat Apr 01 2017
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Use aggregate slide estimate additive splines estimation for the diagnosis of non-linear composite model self-regression with practical application
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Mon Dec 01 2014
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Comparison between some of linear classification models with practical application
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Thu Jan 01 2026
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Publication Date
Tue Feb 05 2019
Journal Name
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Border disputes between the countries of Latin America (1825 – 1884)
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Publication Date
Sun Jan 27 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Education For Women
Parental supervision and its relation with personality type A.B among high Schools students
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Sat Jul 02 2016
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Fri Mar 28 2025
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Standard scores and levels for certain legal situations among first-class basketball referees
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Publication Date
Mon Feb 07 2022
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Mathematical connection skills and their relationship with productive thinking among secondary school students
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Publication Date
Sat Mar 01 2014
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Genetic diversity and relationships among Verbascum species in Iraq by RAPD-PCR technique
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