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Association between self‐reported oral disease/conditions and symptoms of depression among Iraqi individuals
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Abstract<sec><title>Aims

The negative impact of oral diseases on the function, economy, and general health of the population is well‐documented. In the last decades, evidence linking increased expression of depression and oral diseases/conditions has significantly increased. The aim of this study is to assess the association between oral disease/conditions and self‐reported symptoms of depression individuals.

Methods

A specially designed questionnaire was distributed via social media for 1 week. It consisted of two main sections; the first section was dedicated to collect demographic variables and self‐reported symptoms of oral diseases. The second section, Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 (PHQ‐9), was used to assess the severity of depression via nine questions using a 4‐point Likert scale. Association between depression and oral disease was determined by linear regression analysis.

Results

A total of 1975 participants responded fully to the questionnaire and were included in the final analysis. The majority of participants, about 60%, showed mild to moderate symptoms of depression, while 8.9% expressed severe symptoms. Oral diseases positively associated with depression were caries, missing teeth, gingival bleeding, gingival recession, teeth mobility, and dry mouth (R2 = .155). In contrast, increased esthetic level of teeth/gingiva significantly decreased the feeling of depression.

Conclusions

Results indicated that oral diseases, particularly those adversely affecting function and esthetics, were associated with symptoms of depression in Iraqi individuals. These findings highlighted the importance of maintaining oral health as part of the general psychological wellbeing of the population.

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Wed Apr 01 2015
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Journal Of Educational And Psychological Researches
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Sat Aug 16 2025
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Wed Dec 01 2021
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Crossref
Publication Date
Sun Sep 06 2009
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Extension of the Chebyshev Method of Quassi-Linear Parabolic P.D.E.S With Mixed Boundary Conditions
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Crossref
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Thu Dec 30 2010
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Chemical And Petroleum Engineering
DETERMINATION OF THE OPTIMUM OPERATING CONDITIONS IN THE GRANULATION OF GAMMA ALUMINA CATALYST SUPPORT
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Publication Date
Sun Jun 25 2023
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Publication Date
Thu Nov 08 2018
Journal Name
Iraqi National Journal Of Nursing Specialties
Determination of Diabetes type 2 Clients’ Self-Management Skills toward Dietary Pattern
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Publication Date
Wed Nov 07 2018
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Iraqi National Journal Of Nursing Specialties
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Publication Date
Fri Jun 30 2017
Journal Name
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Enhancing Performance of Self–Compacting Concrete with Internal Curing Using Thermostone Chips
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