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Modeling and optimization of biodiesel from high free‐fatty‐acid chicken fat by non‐catalytic esterification and mussel‐shell‐catalyzed transesterification
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Abstract<sec><title>BACKGROUND

In this study, biodiesel was prepared from chicken fat via a transesterification reaction using Mussel shells as a catalyst. Pretreatment of chicken fat was carried out using non‐catalytic esterification to reduce the free fatty acid content from 36.28 to 0.96 mg KOH/g oil using an ethanol/ fat mole ratio equal to 115:1. In the transesterification reaction, the studied variables were methanol: oil mole ratio in the range of (6:1 ‐ 30:1), catalyst loading in the range of (9‐15) wt%, reaction temperature (55‐75 °C), and reaction time (1‐7) h. The heterogeneous alkaline catalyst was greenly synthesized from waste mussel shells throughout a calcination process at different calcination times of (1‐5) h and temperatures of (700‐900) °C. The catalyst was characterized using BET, SEM, EDX, XRD, and FTIR.

RESULTS

In the transesterification reaction, the best values of the studied parameters were: 21:1 methanol: oil molar ratio, 12 wt% catalyst loading, 5 h reaction time, and 63°C reaction temperature, which gave 96.2% methyl esters content. For catalyst synthesis, it was found that the optimum calcination conditions were 900 °C and 3 h, which resulted in a specific surface area of 10.5 m2/g and a large pore volume of 0.0033 cm3/g.

CONCLUSION

A calcium oxide catalyst was successfully prepared from mussel shells. This catalyst was used to transesterify the chicken fat into biodiesel. The prepared catalyst exhibited a high active surface area and a pore volume, confirming that the CaO catalyst produced from waste mussel shells worked effectively, steadily, and affordably to produce renewable biodiesel. The best working conditions for the transesterification reaction were determined using the central Composite Design method (CCD). © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

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Publication Date
Tue Aug 01 2023
Journal Name
The Nucleus
Studies on the role of retinol binding protien-4 in type 2 diabetic Iraqi patients with metabolic syndrome
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Several adipokines are produced and secreted from adipose tissue, such as retinol binding protein-4, which triggers metabolic syndromes and insulin resistance. Retinol binding protein-4 transfers vitamin A or retinol in the blood. Higher levels of retinol binding protein-4 are interrelated with progress of metabolic disease, comprising obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The present study investigates the role of retinol-binding protein-4 levels in type 2 diabetic Iraqi patients with metabolic syndrome. Sixty type 2 diabetic patients aged 40–53 years were examined. Of these 30 patients has metabolic syndrome and 30 without metabolic syndrome. The patients sampled were from the National Diabetes Center/ Mustansiriyah

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Publication Date
Tue Dec 22 2020
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
Measuring Operational Risk on according to International Requirements: An Applied Research in Bank of Baghdad- Private Shareholders Organization
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This research aims to study and evaluate the reality of the Iraqi banks in terms of how they cope with the risks of the banking business, specifically banking operational risks, and to develop a model integrated to define, identify, measure and mitigate the impact of these risks on according to the Basel Committee requirements II about the dangers of Alchgal.uchir major search to the presence of weak results in the Iraqi banks in understanding and defining and measuring operational risks and not hedged properly, which avoids those banks operating losses as well as the results show there is a shortage in the equation of capital adequacy applied by the Iraqi banks because of non-observance of the minimum capital required to counter the ris

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Publication Date
Wed Aug 01 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
(( Technology's role Time driver Activity-based costing at Provide of information for economic units for customer profitability analysis ))
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  The economic units always sought to maintain its market position and Trchinh the technology management and modern methods that will support success factors .vdila about it has become a customer and one profitability analysis of the most practical way benefit of economic units as modern management focus their attention on achieving this satisfaction, as the customers make up the axis of the success of every organization and that there are many government units aiming to profit directs attention to customers and the number of these units increased continuously. The administration used the customer profitability analysis in order to obtain information to assist in making and decision-making process. How to use modern tec

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Publication Date
Sun Jan 27 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
Impact dimensions the Training process of the in components intellectual capital: Exploratory search in the National Insurance Company
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The concept of training is no longer traditionally understood Limited organize traditional training courses, but has become a strategic choice in the investment and development of human resources system, attic trying to find the answer to the core problem of the study which

is the extent to which the training process, the traditional form that meets the needs of the company the development of intellectual capital.This research aimstostatementof the impact dimensions the training process(training role, support or top management , training programs, modern technology)of the in components Intellectual Capital(Human Capital, Structural Capital, Customer Capital) and provide the top management of the Company for the development of sci

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Publication Date
Mon Sep 30 2024
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Science
Use of Scalp Hair as a Biomarker to Determine Airborne Heavy Metal Concentrations for the Academic Laboratory Employees
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Academic chemical laboratories (ACL) are considered public places  the employees come in contact with a variety of pollutants. The aim of the current study was to detect heavy metals levels in the indoor air of ACL in two universities in Baghdad city and assess their levels in the academic employees’ scalp hair as biomarkers. Air samples inside ACL were collected to detect Fe, Cd, Zn, Pb and Cu. Scalp hair samples were collected from 40 adult chemical laboratory employees aged 30-60 years, who worked 5 days/week for 6 hours a day. Personal information relating to employees such as age, duration of exposure, smoking habit and sex, was collected as a questionnaire. The results of this study concluded that academic laboratory employ

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Publication Date
Sat Mar 01 2025
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Physics
Design an Efficient Neural Network to Determine the Rate of Contamination in the Tigris River in Baghdad City
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This article proposes a new technique for determining the rate of contamination. First, a generative adversarial neural network (ANN) parallel processing technique is constructed and trained using real and secret images. Then, after the model is stabilized, the real image is passed to the generator. Finally, the generator creates an image that is visually similar to the secret image, thus achieving the same effect as the secret image transmission. Experimental results show that this technique has a good effect on the security of secret information transmission and increases the capacity of information hiding. The metric signal of noise, a structural similarity index measure, was used to determine the success of colour image-hiding t

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Publication Date
Sun Jan 01 2023
Journal Name
Gastroenterology Review
The impact of sofosbuvir/ledipasvir on chronic hepatitis C-infected paediatric patients: a Middle East single-centre experience
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Publication Date
Thu Dec 13 2018
Journal Name
Iraqi National Journal Of Nursing Specialties
Assessment of the Major Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs Available to Patients at Primary Health Care Centers in Baghdad City
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Objective: To assess the major anti-tuberculosis drugs available to patients at primary health care centers in Baghdad city. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study design is carried out in order to achieve the objectives of the study by using the assessment technique in primary health care centers from December 29th, 2014 to July 10 th, 2015. probability sampling is select based on the study design. Eighteen primary health care centers are select according to criteria of sample to the study and for the purpose of the study, is select (6) sectors and (11) Primary Health Care Centers (PHCC) from Bagh

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Publication Date
Tue Aug 30 2022
Journal Name
Research Journal Of Pharmacy And Technology
The Distribution of ABO blood groups among type 2 Diabetes mellitus patients with or without Chronic Microvascular Complications
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The ABO blood group system is highly polymorphic, with more than 20 distinct sub-groups; study findings are usually related to ABO phenotype, but rarely to the ABO genotype and animal models are unsatisfactory because their antigen glycosylation structure is different from humans. Both the ABO and Rh blood group systems have been associated with a number of diseases, but this is more likely related to the presence or absence of these tissue antigens throughout the body and not directly or primarily related to their presence on RBCs. A total of fifty-two 52 patients without complication of DMII, two hundred sixteen 216 patients with complication of DMII and seventy-one 71 person as healthy control were included in the study. The resu

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Publication Date
Wed Aug 30 2023
Journal Name
Al-kindy College Medical Journal
Assessment of Thyroid Functions in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Treated with Disease Modifying Therapies: Thyroid Functions in Multiple Sclerosis
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Background:

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic disease believed to be the result of autoimmune disorders of the central nervous system, characterised by inflammation, demyelination, and axonal transection, affecting primarily young adults. Disease modifying therapies have become widely used, and the rapid development of these drugs highlighted the need to update our knowledge on their short- and long-term safety profile.

Objective:

The study aim is to evaluate the impact of disease-modifying treatments on thyroid functions and thyroid autoantibodies with subsequent effects on the outcome of the disease.

Materials and Methods:

A retro prospective study

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