Abstract Infinitives and gerunds are non-finite verb forms which cannot be indicated by tense, number, or person. The construction of non-finite verbs is intricate because of their nature of meanings, forms, and functions. The major problem is that both infinitival and gerundial complements have identical functions and occupy identical positions in the sentences. Thus, there is a confusion in using an infinitival and gerundial forms after aspectual verbs. The selection of either one of these two forms as complements is controlled syntactically or semantically. Moreover, both forms can be used usually with similar predicate but with neat difference in meaning. In addition, there are problems with controlling the use of aspect, since aspectual verbs have specific syntactic and semantic restrictions. The study aims at investigating the use of infinitival and gerundial constructions and of aspectual verbs in selected British and American Novels, and identifying the syntactic and semantic behvior of aspectual verbs. The following procedures will be followed in the present study. Providing a theoretical background of the infinitival and gerundial complements and of aspectual verbs. Selecting the data from British and American novels, and analzing the novels according to the model of Smith (1997) about the classification of aspectual verbs. It has been concluded that the infinitive has been used more in the American novel, while the gerund has been used more in the British novel. The perfective viewpoint has been utilized more in the British novel, while the imperfective viewpoint has been utilized more in the American novel in the grammatical aspect. The high percentage of infinitive and imperfective viewpoint in the American novel clarifies the tendency to indicate an uncompleted action, while the high percentage of gerund and perfective viewpoint in the British novel clarifies the tendency to indicate a completed action. Stative and Activity verbs in the lexical aspect have been formed the highest percentage in both British and American novels in spite of the differences in the frequency of these verbs between novels. The following procedures will be followed in the present study. Providing a theoretical background of the infinitival and gerundial complements and of aspectual verbs. Selecting the data from British and American novels, and analzing the novels according to the model of Smith (1997) about the classification of aspectual verbs. It has been concluded that the infinitive has been used more in the American novel, while the gerund has been used more in the British novel. The perfective viewpoint has been utilized more in the British novel, while the imperfective viewpoint has been utilized more in the American novel in the grammatical aspect. The high percentage of infinitive and imperfective viewpoint in the American novel clarifies the tendency to indicate an uncompleted action, while the high percentage of gerund and perfective viewpoint in the British novel clarifies the tendency to indicate a completed action. Stative and Activity verbs in the lexical aspect have been formed the highest percentage in both British and American novels in spite of the differences in the frequency of these verbs between novels.
Background: White spot lesions (WSLs) are subsurface enamel demineralization manifested as white opacities which had an esthetic problem. The purpose of this in-vitro study was to evaluate the lesion depth improvement of WSLs following application of fluoride varnish, tooth mousse and resin infiltration (ICON). Materials and methods: Artificial WSLs were created on 120 premolar teeth using demineralization solution with pH (4-4.5). Samples randomly allocated into four groups; fluoride varnish, tooth mousse, ICON and untreated group. Groups were discolored in Cola and orange juice for 24 hours. Teeth were ground sectioned by longitudinal cutting then these sections examined and photographed under stereomicroscope at 12X magnification then an
... Show More
(6)
(54)
(48)
A new nano-sized NiMo/TiO2-γ-Al2O3 was prepared as a Hydrodesulphurization catalyst for Iraqi gas oil with sulfur content of 8980 ppm, supplied from Al-Dura Refinery. Sol-gel method was used to prepare TiO2- γ-Al2O3 nano catalyst support with 64% TiO2, 32% Al2O3, Ni-Mo/TiO-γ-Al2O3 catalyst was prepared under vacuum impregnation conditions to loading metals with percentage 3.8 wt.% and 14 wt.% for nickel and molybdenum respectively while the percentage for alumina, and titanium became 21.7, and 58.61 respectively. The synthesized TiO2- γ-Al2O3 nanocomposites and Ni-Mo /TiO2
... Show More
(6)
(3)
Prodigiosin is a ‘natural red pigment produced by Serratia marcescens which exhibits immunosuppressive and anticancer properties in addition to antimicrobial activities. This work presents an attempt to maximize the production of prodigiosin by two different strategies: one factor at time (OFAT) and statistical optimization. The result of OFAT revealed that sucrose and peptone were the best carbon and nitrogen sources for pigment production with concentration of prodigiosin of about 135 mg/ L. This value was increased to 331.6mg/ L with an optimized ratio of C/N (60:40) and reached 356.8 with pH 6 and 2% inoculum size at end of classical optimization. Statistical experimental design based on Response surface methodology was co
... Show More
(5)
Background: Pain is one of the most reported side effects of orthodontic treatment despite the advanced technology in orthodontics. Many analgesics have been introduced to control orthodontic pain including acetaminophen and selective and nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The great concern about these drugs is their adverse effect on rate of teeth movement. Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the effect of acetaminophen, ibuprofen and etoricoxib on pain perception and their influence on the rate of teeth movement during leveling and alignment stage. Methods: Forty patients were evenly and randomly distributed in a blinded way to one of four groups: placebo (starch capsules), acetaminophen 500mg th
... Show More
(4)
(4)
Numerical study of separation control on symmetrical airfoil, four digits (NACA
0012) by using rotating cylinder with double steps on its upper surface based on the computation of Reynolds-average Navier- Stokes equations was carried out to find the optimum configuration of unconventional airfoil for best aerodynamics performance. A model based on collocated Finite Volume Method was developed to solve the governing equations on a body-fitted coordinate system. A revised (k-w) model was proposed as a known turbulence model. This model was adapted to simulate the control effects of rotating cylinder. Numerical solutions were performed for flow around unconventional airfoil with cylinder to main stream velocities ratio in the range
... Show More
We described herein the synthesis of novel bis-1,3,4-oxadiazole containing glycine moiety. N-{5-[5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-yl-sulfanyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-yl-methyl}-4methoxybenzamide was fully characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Also this study was designed to show the effects of bis-oxadiazole compound on the activities of some transferase enzymes such as: GOT, GPT and γ-GT in sera. This compound demonstrated activation on GOT and GPT activities, inhibitory effects on the γ-GT activity. These effects increased with the increasing of the concentration of the compound. The causes of the increases and decreases in the enzymes activities are discussed
Background: acrylic resin denture base consider a common denture base material for its acceptable cost, aesthetic and easy processing but still has disadvantages including easy of fracture and low impact strength. Material and method: The experimental group was prepared by addition of 15% phosphoric acid 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate ester (PA2HEME) with polymethyl methacrylate monomer; the experimental groups was compared with the control one. The specimens were prepared according to ADA specification No. 12 with dimension 65 mm x 10 mm x2.5 mm (length x width x thickness respectively). The prepared specimens were tested by three-point flexural strength utilizing Instron Universal Testing Machine (WDW, Layree Technology Co.), Shore D hard
... Show More
The purpose of this research is to prepare new vanillic acid derivatives with 1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol heterocyclic ring and evaluate their antimicrobial activity in a preliminary assessment. A multistep synthesis was established for the preparation of new vanillic acid-triazole conjugates. The intermediate of 4-(4-amino-5-mercapto-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-2-methoxyphenol (4) reacts with different heterocyclic aldehydes (thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde, pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde, thiophene-3-carboxaldehyde, and furfural ) in ethanol containing few drops of acetic acid yielded the corresponding 4-(4-(substituted amino)-5-mercapto-4H-1,2,4-1triazol-3-yl)-2-methoxy phenol derivatives (
High performance self-consolidating concrete HP-SCC is one of the most complex types of concrete which have the capacity to consolidated under its own weight, have excellent homogeneity and high durability. This study aims to focus on the possibility of using industrial by-products like Silica fumes SF in the preparation of HP-SCC enhanced with discrete steel fibers (DSF) and monofilament polypropylene fibers (PPF). From experimental results, it was found that using DSF with volume fraction of 0.50 %; a highly improvements were gained in the mechanical properties of HP-SCC. The compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength and elastic modulus improved about 65.7 %, 70.5 %, 41.7 % and 80.3 % at 28 days age, respectively
... Show More