Preferred Language
Articles
/
ShbpKosBVTCNdQwCSshd
Modeling and optimization of biodiesel from high free‐fatty‐acid chicken fat by non‐catalytic esterification and mussel‐shell‐catalyzed transesterification
...Show More Authors
Abstract<sec><title>BACKGROUND

In this study, biodiesel was prepared from chicken fat via a transesterification reaction using Mussel shells as a catalyst. Pretreatment of chicken fat was carried out using non‐catalytic esterification to reduce the free fatty acid content from 36.28 to 0.96 mg KOH/g oil using an ethanol/ fat mole ratio equal to 115:1. In the transesterification reaction, the studied variables were methanol: oil mole ratio in the range of (6:1 ‐ 30:1), catalyst loading in the range of (9‐15) wt%, reaction temperature (55‐75 °C), and reaction time (1‐7) h. The heterogeneous alkaline catalyst was greenly synthesized from waste mussel shells throughout a calcination process at different calcination times of (1‐5) h and temperatures of (700‐900) °C. The catalyst was characterized using BET, SEM, EDX, XRD, and FTIR.

RESULTS

In the transesterification reaction, the best values of the studied parameters were: 21:1 methanol: oil molar ratio, 12 wt% catalyst loading, 5 h reaction time, and 63°C reaction temperature, which gave 96.2% methyl esters content. For catalyst synthesis, it was found that the optimum calcination conditions were 900 °C and 3 h, which resulted in a specific surface area of 10.5 m2/g and a large pore volume of 0.0033 cm3/g.

CONCLUSION

A calcium oxide catalyst was successfully prepared from mussel shells. This catalyst was used to transesterify the chicken fat into biodiesel. The prepared catalyst exhibited a high active surface area and a pore volume, confirming that the CaO catalyst produced from waste mussel shells worked effectively, steadily, and affordably to produce renewable biodiesel. The best working conditions for the transesterification reaction were determined using the central Composite Design method (CCD). © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Scopus Clarivate Crossref
View Publication
Publication Date
Thu Feb 01 2024
Journal Name
Biologicals
Adjuvant effects of novel water/oil emulsion formulations on immune responses against infectious bronchitis (IB) vaccine in mice
...Show More Authors

View Publication Preview PDF
Scopus (3)
Crossref (2)
Scopus Clarivate Crossref
Publication Date
Sun Dec 29 2019
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Chemical And Petroleum Engineering
The static aging effect on the seedless synthesis of different ranges FAU-type zeolite Y at various factors
...Show More Authors

This work investigates generating of pure phase Faujasite-type zeolite Y at the ranges chosen for this study via a static aging step in the absence of seeds synthesis. Nano-sized crystals may result when LUDOX AS-40 is used as a silica source for gel composition of range 6 and the crystallization step may be conducted for a period of 4 to 19 hr at 100 ⁰C. Moreover, large-crystals with high crystallinity pure phase Y zeolite can be obtained at hereinabove conditions but when hydrous sodium metasilicate is used as a silica source. The other selected ranges also offer pure phase Y zeolite at the same controlled conditions.

Crossref (15)
Crossref
Publication Date
Wed Jan 01 2014
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Languages (jcl)
The Influence of Manipulating the Virtual Library in Comparison with the Individual Learning via Computer Use in English Language
...Show More Authors

The study aims at investigating the effectiveness of the Virtual Library Technology, in developing the achievement of the English Language Skills in the Center of Development and Continuous Education, in comparison with the individual learning via personal computer to investigate the students' attitude towards the use of both approaches. The population of the study includes the participants in the English Language course arranged in the Center. The sample includes 60 students who were randomly chosen from the whole population (participants in English Courses for the year 2009-2010). The sample is randomly chosen and divided into two experimental groups. The first group has learned through classroom technology; while the other group has l

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Mon Jul 01 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of Educational And Psychological Researches
The of Effect Instructional Design based on Kagan Structure In Generating Information Skills for First Intermediate Student’s In Mathematics
...Show More Authors

 

The aim of the research is to identify the effect of instructional design according to Kagan structure among the first intermediate school student’s, and how skills could help in generating information in mathematics. In accordance with the research objectives, the researcher has followed the experimental research method by adopting an experimental design with two equivalent groups of post-test to measure skills in generating information. Accordingly, the researcher raised two main null hypotheses: there were no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group who studied the material according to Kagan structure and th

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Thu Jun 20 2019
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
An Analysis on the Applicability of Meta-Heuristic Searching Techniques for Automated Test Data Generation in Automatic Programming Assessment
...Show More Authors

Automatic Programming Assessment (APA) has been gaining lots of attention among researchers mainly to support automated grading and marking of students’ programming assignments or exercises systematically. APA is commonly identified as a method that can enhance accuracy, efficiency and consistency as well as providing instant feedback on students’ programming solutions. In achieving APA, test data generation process is very important so as to perform a dynamic testing on students’ assignment. In software testing field, many researches that focus on test data generation have demonstrated the successful of adoption of Meta-Heuristic Search Techniques (MHST) so as to enhance the procedure of deriving adequate test data for efficient t

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Crossref (2)
Clarivate Crossref
Publication Date
Tue Sep 28 2021
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Education For Women
Awareness of Responsible Citizenship Components among Primary Schoolgirls in Jeddah: أ.د. إيمان سالم أحمد بارعيده , شروق أحمد فيصل المالكي
...Show More Authors

The research examines the awareness of the components of responsible citizenship among primary schoolgirls in Jeddah using a descriptive approach. A test was then prepared, which consists of loyalty, affiliation to homeland, conscious citizenship based on the knowledge of rights, the fulfillment of duties, family roles in education and society revival, homeland and preservation of the components and gains, participation in achievements, and of national heritage. To maintain the validity and reliability of the study, 28-item test of multiple-choice and short essays type was applied to a random sample of (303) female students in the (fourth-fifth-sixth) primary school class in Jeddah. Results have shown that the level of awareness of schoo

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Crossref
Publication Date
Fri Apr 01 2022
Journal Name
International Journal Of Early Childhood Special Education
Digital culture skills among chemistry students at the College of Education for Pure Sciences, Ibn al-Haytham in Iraq
...Show More Authors

Preview PDF
Publication Date
Fri Sep 01 2023
Journal Name
Al-khwarizmi Engineering Journal
A Study on the Effect of Multistage Toolpath in Fabricating a Customized Cranial Implant in Incremental Sheet Metal Forming
...Show More Authors

Incremental sheet forming (ISF) process offers a high degree of flexibility in the manufacturing of different sheet parts, which makes it an ideal candidate for prototype parts as well as efficient at fabricating various customized products at low production costs compared to traditionally used processes. However, parts produced in this process exhibit notable geometrical inaccuracy and considerable thickness reduction. In this paper, the single point incremental sheet forming variant of the process has been implemented to manufacture a highly customized cranial implant starting from the computed tomography (CT) scan data of the patient's anatomy. A methodology, from the modeling to the realization of the implant, is presented and discus

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Scopus (2)
Crossref (2)
Scopus Crossref
Publication Date
Wed Feb 01 2017
Journal Name
International Journal Of Science And Research (ijsr)
Performance Evaluation of the Organic Matter Removal Efficiency in Wastewater Treatment Plants; Case study Al- Diwaniyah WWTP in Iraq
...Show More Authors

This study aims to assess the removal efficiency andestablish the BOD5 and COD statisticalcorrelation of the sewage flowing in Al-Diwaniyah wastewater treatment plant in Iraq during the study period (2005-2016). The strength of the influent wastewater entering the plant varied from medium to high in strength. High concentrations of BOD5 and COD in the effluent were obtained due to the poor performance of the plant. This was observed from the BOD5 /COD ratios that did not confirm with the typical ratios for the treated sewage. To improve the performance of this plant, regression equations for BOD5 and COD removal percentages were suggested which can be used to facilitate evaluation of liquid waste and optimal control process. The equations

... Show More
Publication Date
Tue Oct 01 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
The redesign of the accounting system to banks in the local environment in accordance with international Islamic banking applications
...Show More Authors

At the local level in the early 1990s first established an Islamic bank 1993 is called Iraqi Islamic bank and was established by Dr. abdullatef hmim and with capital of 200 Million Iraqi dinars .

After 2003 began the attention of Iraqis tend to create Islamic banks until now up to 30 banks in the present ,  He confirmed Mr. Governor of the Iraqi Central Bank recently that there is more than 40 iintroduction licence to establish an Islamic bank in Iraq , That banking activity which is compatible with Sharia law widely welcomed by savers and those in need for more development and modernization in order to gain a greater share within the Iraqi market , and allowed the Iraqi Central Bank in recent years

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Crossref