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Free radicals and oxidative stress: Mechanisms and therapeutic targets
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BACKGROUND:

Free radicals are small extremely reactive species that have unpaired electrons. Free radicals include subgroups of reactive species, which are all a product of regular cellular metabolism. Oxidative stress happens when the free radicals production exceeds the capacity of the antioxidant system in the body’s cells.

OBJECTIVE:

The current review clarifies the prospective role of antioxidants in the inhibition and healing of diseases.

METHODS:

Information on oxidative stress, free radicals, reactive oxidant species, and natural and synthetic antioxidants was obtained by searching electronic databases like PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct, with articles published between 1987 and 2023 being included in this review.

RESULTS:

Free radicals exhibit a dual role in living systems. They are toxic byproducts of aerobic metabolism that lead to oxidative injury and tissue disorders and act as signals to activate appropriate stress responses. Endogenous and exogenous sources of reactive oxygen species are discussed in this review. Oxidative stress is a component of numerous diseases, including diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and cancer. Although various small molecules assessed as antioxidants have shown therapeutic prospects in preclinical studies, clinical trial outcomes have been inadequate. Understanding the mechanisms through which antioxidants act, where, and when they are active may reveal a rational approach that leads to more tremendous pharmacological success. This review studies the associations between oxidative stress, redox signaling, and disease, the mechanisms through which oxidative stress can donate to pathology, the antioxidant defenses, the limits of their effectiveness, and antioxidant defenses that can be increased through physiological signaling, dietary constituents, and probable pharmaceutical interference. Prospective clinical applications of enzyme mimics and current progress in metal- and non-metal-based materials with enzyme-like activities and protection against chronic diseases have been discussed.

CONCLUSION:

This review discussed oxidative stress as one of the main causes of illnesses, as well as antioxidant systems and their defense mechanisms that can be useful in inhibiting these diseases. Thus, the positive and deleterious effects of antioxidant molecules used to lessen oxidative stress in numerous human diseases are discussed. The optimal level of vitamins and minerals is the amount that achieves the best feed benefit, best growth rate, and health, including immune efficiency, and provides sufficient amounts to the body.

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Publication Date
Thu Apr 20 2023
Journal Name
Ibn Al-haitham Journal For Pure And Applied Sciences
The Effect of Rotation on the Heat Transfer of a Couple Stress Fluid in A Nonuniform Inclined Asymmetrical Channel with Inclined MHD
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 The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of rotation on heat transfer using
inclination magnetohydrodynamics for a couple-stress fluid in a non-uniform canal. When the
Reynolds number is low and the wavelength is long, math formulas are used to describe the stream
function, as well as the gradient of pressure, temperature, pressure rise and axial velocity per
wavelength, which have been calculated analytically. The many parameters in the current model
are assigned a definite set of values. It has been noticed that both the pressure rise and the pressure
gradient decrease with the rise of the rotation and couple stress, while they increase with an
increase in viscosity and Hartmann nu

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Publication Date
Fri Sep 01 2023
Journal Name
Journal Of Education And Scientific Studies
Studying the effect of laser stress in combination with mannitol on some morphological parameters of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var L. capitata) In vitro
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Publication Date
Wed Feb 08 2023
Journal Name
Journal Of Educational And Psychological Researches
The Measurement of Academic Stress Level in E-Learning Environment among Postgraduate Students at the College of Education, King Khalid University during Covid-19 Pandemic
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The study aims to measure the level of academic stress in the e-learning environment in three areas, students and their dealing with classmates, dealing with the professor and technical skills, and the nature and content of the curriculum among graduate students in the College of Education at King Khalid University during COVID-19 pandemic. This study was descriptive in nature (survey, comparative). The sample consisted of (512) male and female graduate students in the master's and doctoral programs. The Academic Stress Scale in the E-learning Environment designed by Amer (2021) was used. The results indicated a high level of academic stress among graduate students in the e-learning environment. The study also found that there were stati

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Publication Date
Sun Sep 03 2017
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Keys for Isolation suborders and Families and genera and species of Book and Bark lice in Baghdad and Babylon [Order PSOCOPTERA]
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A taxonomic keys was established of book and bark lice Order Psocoptera to isolated insects in Iraq from different localities of Baghdad and Babylon provinces. Thirteen species belong to eight genera and five families have been studied and described in details, these species were recorded for the first time in Iraq. These species are: Belaphopsocus badonneli New, 1971; Belaphotroctes oculeris Bodonnel, 1973; Embodopsocosis newi Bodonnel, 1973; Epipsocus stigamaticus Mockeord, 1991; Lepinotus huoni Schmidt and New, 2008; Liposcelies decolor Peramane 1925 Liposcelies paeta Pearman 1942 Liposclies bostrychphila Badonnel 1931; Liposclies brunnea Mostchulsky 1852; Liposclies entoophila Enderlein 1907; Neopsocopsis minuscule Li 2002 ;

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Publication Date
Mon Mar 01 2021
Journal Name
Journal Of Physics: Conference Series
fMRI and Artifact computation and Analysis
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Abstract<p>Over the years, the field of Medical Imagology has gained considerable importance. The number of neuroimaging studies conducted using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been exploding in recent years. fMRI survey gives to rise to large amounts of noisy data with a complex spatiotemporal correlation structure. Statistics play great role in clarifying the features of the data and gain results that can be used and explain by neuroscientists. Several types of artifacts can happen through a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanner Because of software or hardware problems, physical limitation or human physiologic phenomenon. Several of them can negatively affect di</p> ... Show More
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Publication Date
Thu Dec 31 2020
Journal Name
College Of Islamic Sciences
Religion and atheism suspicions and reaction.
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This research is about his life in his life. The Status of the Import of the Arts of Information. And the danger lies in the effects that translate in the lives of people from the occurrence of the second life or not to occur, the experimentalists claim in this matter is not tangible and not tried in a sense not proven by science through experience and analysis All that is proven by science from this road is committed to it, and unless proven from this path no one has the right to speak it, and in their view, this is not the way to prove knowledge and facts. The search is based on the consideration of the origin of knowledge. Is it possible to prove without experience something or not? The question is whether religion has a basis

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Publication Date
Fri Jun 01 2007
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Languages (jcl)
Language and Difference: Heidegger, Saussure, and Derrida
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Although the concept of difference is as old as the foundational concept of similarity, the modern (and contemporary) understanding of difference as a working notion that not only differentiates, but also approximates conflicting elements in an all encompassing system owes a great deal to the German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831). An idealist to the backbone, Hegel bequeathed to modern philosophy the postulation that the identity of an individual rests not in itself but in the relationship that individual‟s identity entertains with other members of society. In his classic Phenomenology of Spirit, Hegel explains how humans come to consciousness (pivotal concept in Idealism) through a strenuous, albeit apparently i

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Publication Date
Sat Oct 01 2022
Journal Name
Al–bahith Al–a'alami
Media and democracy between propaganda and incitement
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First: The entrance to media and democracy
The growth of the media and the development of its technologies are linked to the development of the democratic system and its political and mass institutions. In many cases, the technologies concerned were able to open the closed doors to the spread of democracy and broaden the base of its applications. As Dupre points out, “audio-visual has opened the image and sound after printing has opened the natural language” (1) to democratization. The generalization of the book, due to the development of printing, led to the transcendence of the Church's dominance in Europe, and the direct broadcasting and transmission of information enabled the media to transcend the domination of factional syst

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Publication Date
Wed May 01 2024
Journal Name
научный форум
jargon and slang: similarities and differences and their role in the Russian language
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Publication Date
Tue Jan 29 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Education For Women
Alglul in Rashidi age and the Umayyad and Abbasid and ordinances "historical study"
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1-Alglul is the introduction of after prize or (Booty) secretly before it is divided, and the general sense is an absolute betrayal, and God has forbidden and the Prophet (Peace be upon him) by Muslims; such as bribery and gift-giving and other function by the terminology.
2-The signals and texts Alglul in the Covenant Rashidi and the Umayyad and Abbasid very few, compared to the Covenant of the Prophet, and so by the Quranic verses that were deprived Alglul and other Transmitting booty for the Muslims, and the hadith which magnified Alglul and showed its consequences in this life and the afterlife, and the tutelage of the Prophet (Peace be upon him) its active role in reducing Alglul, it was the great commandments included notificati

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