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Free radicals and oxidative stress: Mechanisms and therapeutic targets
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BACKGROUND:

Free radicals are small extremely reactive species that have unpaired electrons. Free radicals include subgroups of reactive species, which are all a product of regular cellular metabolism. Oxidative stress happens when the free radicals production exceeds the capacity of the antioxidant system in the body’s cells.

OBJECTIVE:

The current review clarifies the prospective role of antioxidants in the inhibition and healing of diseases.

METHODS:

Information on oxidative stress, free radicals, reactive oxidant species, and natural and synthetic antioxidants was obtained by searching electronic databases like PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct, with articles published between 1987 and 2023 being included in this review.

RESULTS:

Free radicals exhibit a dual role in living systems. They are toxic byproducts of aerobic metabolism that lead to oxidative injury and tissue disorders and act as signals to activate appropriate stress responses. Endogenous and exogenous sources of reactive oxygen species are discussed in this review. Oxidative stress is a component of numerous diseases, including diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and cancer. Although various small molecules assessed as antioxidants have shown therapeutic prospects in preclinical studies, clinical trial outcomes have been inadequate. Understanding the mechanisms through which antioxidants act, where, and when they are active may reveal a rational approach that leads to more tremendous pharmacological success. This review studies the associations between oxidative stress, redox signaling, and disease, the mechanisms through which oxidative stress can donate to pathology, the antioxidant defenses, the limits of their effectiveness, and antioxidant defenses that can be increased through physiological signaling, dietary constituents, and probable pharmaceutical interference. Prospective clinical applications of enzyme mimics and current progress in metal- and non-metal-based materials with enzyme-like activities and protection against chronic diseases have been discussed.

CONCLUSION:

This review discussed oxidative stress as one of the main causes of illnesses, as well as antioxidant systems and their defense mechanisms that can be useful in inhibiting these diseases. Thus, the positive and deleterious effects of antioxidant molecules used to lessen oxidative stress in numerous human diseases are discussed. The optimal level of vitamins and minerals is the amount that achieves the best feed benefit, best growth rate, and health, including immune efficiency, and provides sufficient amounts to the body.

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Publication Date
Thu Feb 01 2024
Journal Name
Russian Journal Of Bioorganic Chemistry
Synthesis, Characterization of Formazan Derivatives from Isoniazid and Study Their Antioxidant Activity and Molecular Docking
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Objective: Synthesis, Characterization of formazan derivatives and studies the antioxidant activity of prepared compounds and molecular docking. Methods: In this study, formazan compounds (III–XIV) were produced by combining Schiff base compounds (I), (II) with diazonium salts resulting from reactions of different aromatic amines with sodium nitrate in the presence of Con.HCl at 0–5°C. When isonicotinic acid hydrazide reacts with (N,N-dimethylbenzaldehyde, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) in the presence glacial acetic acid as a solvent Schiff base compounds are created. Results: The prepared compounds were identified by FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, then the antioxidant activity of the derivatives and molecular docking were studied. D

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Publication Date
Sun Dec 21 2025
Journal Name
Journal Of Baghdad College Of Dentistry
Teeth Displacement and Palatal Adaptation of Autoclave Cured acrylic resin with Various Palates and Investments.
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Background: The denture base inaccuracies during processing negatively influence the retention and stability of finished complete denture. The aims of this study were to evaluate teeth movement and palatal adaptation of autoclave cured denture bases and their relationship with palatal depths and investments. Materials and methods: A nightly maxillary complete dentures prepared, processed and organized to be tested as follows: 1. Processing methods: water bath and autoclave with both fast and slow cycles. 2. Palatal depth: shallow, medium and deep. 3. Investing medium: stone and silicone. For every finished denture, two measurements were done: first: teeth movement by attaching metallic reference screws on the right and left centrals, first

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Publication Date
Wed Jan 01 2020
Journal Name
Methods And Objects Of Chemical Analysis
Derivative Spectrophotometric Determination For Simultaneous Estimation Of Isoniazid And Ciprofloxacin In Mixture And Pharmaceutical Formulation
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A simple analytical method was used in the present work for the simultaneous quantification of Ciprofloxacin and Isoniazid in pharmaceutical preparations. UV-Visible spectrophotometry has been applied to quantify these compounds in pure and mixture solutions using the first-order derivative method. The method depends on the first derivative spectrophotometry using zero-cross, peak to baseline, peak to peak and peak area measurements. Good linearity was shown in the concentration range of 2 to 24 μg∙mL-1 for Ciprofloxacin and 2 to 22 μg∙mL-1 for Isoniazid in the mixture, and the correlation coefficients were 0.9990 and 0.9989 respectively using peak area mode. The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) wer

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Publication Date
Wed Mar 15 2023
Journal Name
Al-academy
Intellectual And Artistic Concepts of The Cultural Context And Their Impact On Contemporary Ceramic Sculpture
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 The current specialized research tagged (intellectual and artistic concepts of the cultural context and their impact on contemporary ceramic sculpture) paves the way for the emergence of the context in ceramics active in life, so that this relationship will indicate the development and presence of ceramics or not and the volume of its circulation in the joints of the culture of the Arab recipient. As a result, the researcher collected scientific materials to serve the subject of the research in four chapters: Chapter One (General Methodological Framework) To clarify the problem of the research, the importance of the research to achieve benefit in higher education and education for scholars and teachers, while the research aims to revea

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Publication Date
Thu Jan 30 2020
Journal Name
Journal Of Engineering
Comparison of Single and Group Bored Piles Settlement Based on Field Test and Theoretical Methods
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 Bored piles settlement behavior under vertical loaded is the main factor that affects the design requirements of single or group of piles in soft soils. The estimation of bored pile settlement is a complicated problem because it depends upon many factors which may include ground conditions, validation of bored pile design method through testing and validation of theoretical or numerical prediction of the settlement value. In this study, a prototype single and bored pile group model of arrangement (1*1, 1*2 and 2*2) for total length to diameter ratios (L/D) is 13.33 and clear spacing three times of diameter, subjected to vertical axial loads. The bored piles model used for the test was 2000

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Publication Date
Sun Jun 07 2009
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Synbiotic Effect of Probiotic ( Bifidobacterium sp ) and Prebiotics (Chicory and Inulin ) aganist some pathogenic bacteria
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The Antimicrobial activity of Probiotic Bifidobacterium sp and Prebiotics : chicory roots ( Hot water extract ) and Inulin ( 10 % ) against some Pathogenic bacteria (Esherichia coli , Proteus mirabilis , Klebsiella sp , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Serratia marcescens was studied . The combination of Probiotic and Prebiotics (Synbiotic) (Bifidobacterium sp + chicory ) and (Bifidobacterium sp + Inulin ) also tested for their antimicrobial activity against Pathogenic bacteria . Results showed that Bifidobacterium sp had good antimicrobial activity against all the Pathogenic bacteria tested , followed by chicory and inulin . The synergistic inhibitory effect of Synbiotic (Bifidobacterium sp + chicory ) and ( Bifidobacterium sp + inuli

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Publication Date
Sun Jul 01 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Educational And Psychological Researches
The healthy personality and its relation to the academic achievement of school and university teacher
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Personality regard as one of the human soul pillars that has been built throughout the life of people, starting from the fertilizing process to different stages of people ages. Over time, numerous scientific studies have shown that fetus has the ability to hear and feel and he is being stereotyped since the first stages of formation. Accordingly, the process of forming human personality set up since that date. Besides, the socialization means that take different resources to enhance human personality such as holy Quran, school, social media, and social environment. The emergence of social media made the world as a small village which gives the chance for all people, over the world, to obtain the knowledge easily and limitless. Thus, the

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Publication Date
Tue Jul 14 2015
Journal Name
Ibn Al-haitham J. For Pure & Appl. Sci.
Effect of Annealing Temperature and Thickness on the Structural and Optical Properties of CdSeThin Films
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CdSe alloy has been prepared successfully from its high purity elements. Thin films of this alloy with different thicknesses (300,700)nm have been grown on glass substrates at room temperature under very low pressure (10-5)Torr with rate of deposition (1.7)nm/sec by thermal evaporation technique, after that these thin films have been heat treated under low pressure (10-2)Torr at (473,673)K for one hour. X-ray patterns showed that both CdSe alloy and thin films are polycrystalline and have the hexagonal structure with preferential orientation in the [100] and [002] direction respectively. The optical measurements indicated that CdSe thin films have allowed direct optical energy band gap, and it increases from (1.77- 1.84) eV and from

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Publication Date
Tue Oct 01 2024
Journal Name
Journal Of Obstetrics Gynecology And Cancer Research
Comparison of Levels of Activin A and Follistatin in Ectopic Pregnancies and Missed Abortions Patients
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Publication Date
Fri Jun 26 2020
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Agricultural Sciences
IMPACT OF Conocarpus erectus L. FERTILIZER, AND SOME MICRONUTRIENTS ON GROWTH AND PRODUCTION OF POTATO
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This study was aimed to determine the impact of Conocarpus erectus L. compost fertilizer, and some micronutrients on growth and production of potato. This research was conducted at one of the fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad. The experiment was implemented using factorial arrangement (4X3X3) within randomized complete block design with three replicates. Conocarpus fertilizer was represented the first factor with three levels (7.5, 15, 30 ton.ha-1), which symbolized (C2, C3, C4). Chemical fertilizer as recommended dose as a control, which symbolized (C1). The second factor was foliar spraying with three levels of iron (0, 100, 200 mg.L-1), which symbolized (F0, F1, F2). The third fact

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