Background: The treatment of dental tissues proceeding to adhesive procedures is a crucial step in the bonding protocol and decides the clinical success ofrestorations. This study was conducted in vitro, with the aim of evaluating thenanoleakage on the interface between the adhesive system and the dentine treated by five surface modalities using scanning electron microscopy and energydispersiveX-ray spectrometry. Materials and methods: Twenty five extracted premolars teeth were selected in the study. Standardized class V cavities were prepared on the buccal and lingual surfaces then the teeth divided into five main groups of (5 teeth in each group n=10) according to the type of dentine surface treatment that was used: Group (A): dentine was conditioning with Er, Cr: YSGG laser. Group (B): dentine was conditioning with (Er, Cr: YSGG laser + acid). Group (C): dentine was conditioning with (acid + Er, Cr: YSGG laser). Group (D): dentine was conditioning with acid etch. Group (E): dentine was conditioning with acid + 10% sodium hypochlorite. For All the teeth SBMP adhesive were used and restored with Z250 composite restoration then all specimens were subjected to thermocycling 500 cycles, at 5° to 55 °C. The teeth were soaked in silver nitrate suspension. Then the teeth sectioned bucco-lingually across the centre of the restorations. The specimens were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and the amount of nanoleakage was measured by EDX spectro-analysis to identify the existence of metallic silver particles. Results: Data were analysed statistically by one way ANOVA test and (LSD) Tests. The results showed that there were statistically highly significant differences among all groups of the present study.The resultshowed that the acid and laser (group III) exhibited the lowest mean value of nanoleakage at around (6.14 %), whereas the highest mean value of nanoleakage (12.83 %) was determined by the only acid (group IV). Conclusions: Treating the acid etched dentine with Er: Cr: YSGG laser showed promising results as it exhibits lowest amount of nanoleakage of the adhesive bonding system.
Abstract
The study aims to examine the relationships between cognitive absorption and E-Learning readiness in the preparatory stage. The study sample consisted of (190) students who were chosen randomly. The Researcher has developed the cognitive absorption and E-Learning readiness scales. A correlational descriptive approach was adopted. The research revealed that there is a positive statistical relationship between cognitive absorption and eLearning readiness.
The study aims to indicate the role of the agricultural initiative in building agricultural development, mediated by activation of the role of internal and external audit on agricultural initiative projects, for the purpose of meeting the challenges of abuses on agricultural land and lack of water used in agriculture and proportions of high poverty, which led to the rural people of the migration to the city and leave agriculture and livestock, and that of the main conclusions reached by the researcher. When comparing the work of the external auditing agencies (the Federal Office of Financial Supervision) on the initiative of agricultural projects with internal audit services in the Directorate of Agriculture and branches of the Agricultu
... Show MoreBACKGROUND: In pregnancy, several physiological changes occur that lead to decrease in the level of hemoglobin. Anemia during pregnancy is a major public health concern in underdeveloped nations, with a high rate of morbidity and death among pregnant women. Inadequate prenatal care, a lack of information about the nutritional requirements of pregnant women, and general low socioeconomic circumstances all contribute to these high rates of morbidity and death. As pregnant women’s and husbands’ education levels increased, the frequency and severity of anemia decreased in the investigated community of pregnant women. AIM: This study aims to find out the level of knowledge about anemia in pregnancy among adult females attending pr
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The study which carried( The important political development in
democracy Congo).initially deals with The important political events in African
country democracy Congo which know tow political period , and this study
divided tow chapter to expend these periods , the first chapter subject was the
period of mobotow 1965- 1997 . while the second chapter subject was abo
democracy Congo under the rule of loran cabeela who's comes to the rules of
the African country after he lead military movement agents' mobotow .
but the study have aconcluded that the political development in
democracy Congo happened because of the foreigner role , this role keep the
authority of mobotow and in the end let him down
Seventy exudative lymphocytic pleural fluid specimens of patients with suspected tuberculous pleural effusion submitted to the National Reference Laboratory of tuberculosis/Baghdad from October 2012 to February 2013. These effusions were due to tuberculosis pleuritis (n=12) and non-tuberculosis pleuritis (n=58). The following parameters were analyzed: protein concentration, glucose concentration, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentration and adenosine deaminase activity (ADA). As a result, the protein concentration was higher in TPE patients (8.80 ± 0.89 g/dl) than it's concentration in non-TPE patients (7.61 ± 0.54 g/dl), as well as LDH concentration was (3366.58 ± 284.28 U/L) in TPE patients and (3024.12 ± 116.84 U/L) in non-TPE pa
... Show MoreAbiotic stress-induced genes may lead to understand the response of plants and adaptability to salinity and drought stresses. Differential display reverse transcriptase – polymerase chain reaction (DDRT-PCR) was used to investigate the differences in gene expression between drought- and salinity-stressed plantlets of Ruta graveolens. Direct and stepwise exposures to drought- or salt-responsive genes were screened in R. graveolens plantlets using the DDRT technique. Gene expression was investigated both in the control and in the salt or drought-stressed plantlets and differential banding patterns with different molecular sizes were observed using the primers OPA-01 (646,770 and 983 pb), OPA-08 (593 and 988 pb), OPA-11 (674 and 831 pb
... Show MoreA field study was conducted on a sample of the public in Baghdad to study the audience's exposure to the television promotion of pharmaceutical products and their trends in order to determine the rate of exposure of the public to the television promotion of pharmaceutical products according to the theory of uses and rumors and to determine the public's attitudes towards television promotion of pharmaceutical products. A survey of (25) a questions was distributed to a sample of the audience of 150 people. The statistical program SPSS was used to unload the data and for the calculation of frequencies and percentages and correlation coefficients. The research reached several results, Most importantly, the television promotion is well receiv
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This study aimed to survey fungi associated with the product Indomie and Chips being the trades Iargely by a very important segment of society who are the children, beside consumed by adults, but less so, as the survey results to accompany some fungui samples sterile showed proportions presence included various fungi like. Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium Spp., Fusarium graminearum, F.moniliforme, Alternaria alternate and Rhizopus Spp., and other fungi sterile are not diagnosed. The results showed large dominion fungi A. niger by presence sterile samples of both producers, followed by infection in Fusarium Spp., Penicillium Spp., and A. alternata by infection percentage 55, 20 and 17% respectively for the pr
The rapid developmemt of information technology and its use in all fields has a bositive influence on all fields , and financial markets have a share of this development through the use of an electronic trading system to settle transactions and enhance transparency and disclosure in all activities of these markets and stimulate their performance .
It is worth nothing that these revolutions remove the necessity for nonstop connection with persons through the internet or phone networks , novel knowledge decreases the charges of structure original transaction system and reducing the fences of new participants entry .
The development in transportations expertise allows for quicker or
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