Many approaches have been developed over time to counter the bioavailability limitations of poorly soluble drugs. With advances in nanotechnology in recent decades, this issue has been approached through the formulation of drugs as nanocrystals. Nanocrystals consist of pure drug(s) and a minimum of surface active agent(s) required for stabilization. They are carrier-free submicron colloidal drug delivery systems with a mean particle size typically in the range of 200 - 500 nm. By reducing particle size to nanoscale, the surface area available for dissolution is increased, and thus bioavailability is enhanced. Drug nanocrystals constitute a versatile formulation approach to enhance the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of poorly soluble drugs. This enhancement is achieved by increasing the dissolution velocity, saturation solubility and mucoadhesion. However, stabilization of nanocrystals remains a major challenge in the development of nanocrystals. Main stability issues include increase in particle size, agglomeration, crystal transformation, and chemical instabilities. as such, combination of steric and ionic stabilizers are required for optimal stabilization. Nanocrystals can be administered by various routes including oral, parenteral, ocular, pulmonary and dermal routes with enhanced pharmacodynamic activity and safety. Functionalization of nanocrystals with radionuclide, imaging moieties and ligands further increases the versatility of nanocrystals. Nanocrystals has been proven successful, as demonstrated by the number of marketed drug products utilizing this technology. The present work provides an overview of the more recent achievements in improving the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs according to their administration route, and describes the methods developed to overcome physicochemical and stability related problems.
The inorganic phosphate content and antioxidant activity of fresh fruit juices and canned fruit juices commonly consumed in Bahrain were compared. The fruits considered in this study were kiwi, guava, black grape, strawberry, apple, and pineapple. The inorganic phosphate content of the juices was determined by a colorimetric method using a UV/VIS spectrophotometer. Among the fresh juices, the highest inorganic phosphate content was measured for black grape juice (17.330 ±0.068 mg/L), and among the canned juices, the highest inorganic phosphate was measured for black grape canned juice too (16.020 ±0.141 mg/L, brand 3). The antioxidant activity was determined in-vitro by measuring the percentage of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
... Show MoreThe aim of this research is to apply the concept of total value management to improve the process design of producing the toothpaste in Al Mammon factory one of the in the general company of food industry. The concept of total value management is concerning with achieve more than one values which are important for the customers as these values are related to the customers satisfaction. The research problem is that the factory did not measure the effectiveness of process design as this company has weakness in analyzing this effectiveness in synchronies with total value management. On the other side, the company did not give more attention to the cost of products and selling prices within the value cost/ profit which is one of the
... Show MoreThe current research aims at: - Identifying the role played by the leadership in empowerment and organizational learning abilities and their reflection on the knowledge capital, and the extent to which these concepts can be applied effectively at Wasit University. The problem of research .... In a series of questions: The most important is that the dimensions leadership empowerment and distance learning organizational capacity correlation relationship and impact and significant statistical significance with the capital knowledge.
To understand the nature of the relationship and the impact between the variables, leadership was adopted by empowerment as the fir
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Bank credit is extremely important, as the generated revenues by a main focus of any bank earnings no matter how many and varied sources of revenue other, and without losing the bank and the main role function as an intermediary in financial economics . But at the faltering customers in payment of loans . Therefore , uses a method of financial analysis using ratios as one of the important tools to measure the clients ability to pay , in spite of the need for the Bank analyzed the trend in this regard is focused on three main areas ( liquidity, profitability, and borrowing ) and can be to add another field is the possibility to cover fixed charges of the profits generated. Finally I would like to emphas
The aim of this research is to construct a cognitive behavior program based on the theory of Meichenbaum in reducing the emotional sensitivity among Intermediate school students. To achieve the aims of the research, two hypotheses were formulated and the experimental design with equal groups was chosen. The population of research and its sample are determined. The test of negative emotional sensitivity, which is constructed by the researcher, was adopted. The test contains (20) items proved validity and reliability as a reliable test by presenting it to a group of arbitrators and experts in education and psychology. An educational program is constructed based on the theory of Meichenbaum. The test was applied to a sample of (60) second i
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The Purpose of This Research is The Main Factors In out Comes Phenomena From Primary School Which in Creased in Lost Period in Iraq And to Find Solutions to The This Problem.
In Order to Achieve Al The Aim The Research Choose a Systematic Random Sample of School Records For Students in Some Primary Schools in Karkh and Rusafa and Year of Study (2010-2015) and Size (40) Samples, included (16) Variable , Collected in Form Prepared by The Research As a Way to Analyze The Data.
Remember to Summarize The (6) Main components Pay a Student to Drop out of Primary Schools in The Province of Baghdad are Arranged As Follows:
... Show MoreLeukemia is the most common cancer in children which causes death despite the high survival rate. Therefore, new methods are required to find a suitable therapy. A small RNA called microRNAs (miRNAs) is used as a biomarker for cancer diagnosis and early prognostic evaluation. Expression levels of three miRNAs from the 3' arm (miR-142-3p, miR-223-3p and miR-146-3p) were detected in serum samples from 30 acute leukemic children and from 30 healthy individuals by using qPCR. The miR-142-3p and miR-146-3p profiles were significantly downregulated (P=0.0010 and 0.0012, respectively), while miR-223 was found to be significantly upregulated (P= 0.0044) in the pateints. Serum level of C/EBP-β
... Show MoreIt has been shown in ionospheric research that calculation of the total electron content (TEC) is an important factor in global navigation system. In this study, TEC calculation was performed over Baghdad city, Iraq, using a combination of two numerical methods called composite Simpson and composite Trapezoidal methods. TEC was calculated using the line integral of the electron density derived from the International reference ionosphere IRI2012 and NeQuick2 models from 70 to 2000 km above the earth surface. The hour of the day and the day number of the year, R12, were chosen as inputs for the calculation techniques to take into account latitudinal, diurnal and seasonal variation of TEC. The results of latitudinal variation of TE
... Show MoreThe aim of this study is to investigate the protective effect of Radish (Raphanus sativus) seed alcoholic extract 70% against oxidative stress induced by sodium nitrite NaNO2 Twenty five adult male rabbits were devided into five groups of (five rabbits in each group) and treated daily for 30 days. Group T1: intubated orally 20 mg/kg NaNO2, Group T2: intubated orally 20 mg/kg NaNO2 + 50 mg/kg of alcoholic extract from Raphanus sativus seeds, Group T3: intubated orally 20 mg/kg NaNO2 + 100 mg/kg of alcoholic extract from Raphanus sativus seeds, Group T4: intubated orally 20 mg/kg NaNO2 + 200 mg/kg of alcoholic extract from Raphanus sativus seed as well as Group C: control intubated orally distilled water. In comparison with normal ra
... Show MorePurpose Heavy metals are toxic pollutants released into the environment as a result of different industrial activities. Biosorption of heavy metals from aqueous solutions is a new technology for the treatment of industrial wastewater. The aim of the present research is to highlight the basic biosorption theory to heavy metal removal. Materials and methods Heterogeneous cultures mostly dried anaerobic bacteria, yeast (fungi), and protozoa were used as low-cost material to remove metallic cations Pb(II), Cr(III), and Cd(II) from synthetic wastewater. Competitive biosorption of these metals was studied. Results The main biosorption mechanisms were complexation and physical adsorption onto natural active functional groups. It is observed that
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