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LEGAL RULES GOVERNING THE DURATION OF THE CONTRACT IN ITS PERIOD OF FORMATION (COMPARATIVE LEGAL STUDY)
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The duration of the contract is a legal term first provided for in French Amendment Decree No. 131/2016, and given the increasing importance of time in contracts, we have chosen to study the legal rules governing time at the formative stage by drawing on changes in French law compared to both Iraqi and Egyptian laws. Article 1102 of French Amendment Decree No. 131/2016 stipulates that: "Everyone is free to contract or not to contract, to choose the person with whom he contracts, and to determine the content and form of the contract within the limits established by law." Contractual freedom does not permit a breach of the rules relating to public order), as well as article 1104, which provides for (contracts must be negotiated, concluded and executed in good faith) and combined with article 1210 of the same decree, in which the provision was opened (prohibition of life-long obligations), the legal principles controlling the contract are the principle of contractual freedom[i], which is limited by public order[ii], as well as the principle of good faith[iii] and the principle of prohibition of life-long obligations. Since the principle of contractual freedom and the principle of good faith do not attach to the duration of the contract, there was no room for their consideration in the study other than the principle of prohibition of life-long obligations.   [i] The principle of contractual freedom dominates the stage of contract formation, rather it is the cornerstone of the law of obligations, (Lauriane Hauchard) https://www.lepetitjuriste.fr/laffirmation-de-liberte-contractuelle the will alone has the power to create the contract and determine its effects. The tendency of the will to create a legal effect is called a legal act, which is either the union of two wills - or more - and this is the contract, or it is a single will, and this is the singular will like a binding offer and a will. Dr. Hammad Shield, the General Theory of Obligations - Part One Sources of Commitment, Dar Al-Sanhoury, Beirut, 2016, p. 32. [ii] (The consequences of implementing the idea of ​​public order within the framework of contractual relations concluded within the scope of civil law are the invalidity of legal actions violating the rules of public order) dr. Hussein Abdullah Al-Kalabi, Public order as an obstacle to the application of foreign law, a collection of unpublished lectures delivered to master’s students for the academic year 2019-2020, College of Law, University of Baghdad, and paraphrases the idea by saying (the idea of public order is the effective tool for curbing the power of will and preserving the higher interests of society), Dr. Hussein Abdullah Al-Kalabi, The Decadal Public System, a comparative study, Dar Al-Sanhouri, Edition 1, Beirut, 2016, p.9. [iii] Good faith is a general legal presumption, so the judiciary presupposes good faith always, although the legislator did not presuppose good faith except in certain places. Dr. Abdul Razzaq Al-Sanhoury, Al-Wasit, Volume 2, Margin pg 600.

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Publication Date
Tue Apr 18 2023
Journal Name
Al–bahith Al–a'alami
Public relations programs and its role to enhance the morale of employees in the Ministry of Transportation: A survey study on the State land Transport Company
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This research aims to learn about public relations programs and their role to enhance the morale of the State land Transport Company employees.The researcher relied on the survey method and use a questionnaire and scale tools to collect information from workers in the Department of Relations and Media and employees in all departments.
The research reached several conclusions, including:
1- Public relations seek to increase workers’ confidence in senior management and motivate them to improve their production, as well as their relentless endeavor to bring workers closer by following multiple and varied forms of communication with them.
2- The results of the study showed that there was a negative i

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Publication Date
Sat Dec 01 2012
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
The importance of direct foreign investment on development of Iraqi oil industry for the period (2003-3010)
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Oil industry played a major role in delineating the course and type o development in both imported and exported Arabic countries alike where its revenues has perform an essential role in forming programs and plans of development on both national and international level in addition to anticipation of future consuming.

Iraq, as an oil producer country with a revenues –based economy depends on oil in building its economy totally including its infrastructure having a the greatest conformed reservoir which make the government budget depends largely on oil revenues where its strategic importance lies in funding all aspects of expenders as it is considered the prime source of foreign currency.  The chall

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Publication Date
Tue Oct 18 2022
Journal Name
University Of Baghdad
Experimental Study and Analysis of Matrix Acidizing for Mishrif Formation-Ahdeb Oil Field
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Carbonate matrix stimulation technology has progressed tremendously in the last decade through creative laboratory research and novel fluid advancements. Still, existing methods for optimizing the stimulation of wells in vast carbonate reservoirs are inadequate. Consequently, oil and gas wells are stimulated routinely to expand production and maximize recovery. Matrix acidizing is extensively used because of its low cost and ability to restore the original productivity of damaged wells and provide additional production capacity. The Ahdeb oil field lacks studies in matrix acidizing; therefore, this work provided new information on limestone acidizing in the Mishrif reservoir. Moreover, several reports have been issued on the difficulties en

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Publication Date
Thu Dec 01 2022
Journal Name
Chemical Methodologies
Formation, Characterization and Antioxidant Study of Mixed Ligand ‎Complexes Derived from Succinyl Chloride
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In the present study, mixed ligand compounds of Mn(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Cd(II) and ‎Hg(II) were synthesized using new Ligand N1,N4-bis (pyrimidin-2-ylcarbamothioyl) ‎succinimide (NPS) derived from [Butanedioyl diisothiocyanate with 2- aminipyridine] as ‎first ligand, proline (pro) as second ligand and evaluation of their antioxidant activities for ‎ligand, nickel and cobalt complex towards 1.1-Di-phenyl-2picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) will be ‎compared to the standard anti-oxidants (i.e. the ascorbic acid). Those materials that have ‎been prepared provided results are a result of exhibiting different activities of the radical ‎scavenging for all of the compounds. Compounds were observed then confirmed through ‎the Fourier-tra

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Publication Date
Wed Jun 30 2021
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Market Research And Consumer Protection
BANKING COMPLIANCE FUNCTION(COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN COMMERCIAL & ISLAMIC BANKS): BANKING COMPLIANCE FUNCTION(COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN COMMERCIAL & ISLAMIC BANKS)
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Never the less, banking compliance function became one of the most important functions in banking sector according to its characteristics that considered as an interior control tools to control (executive management, departments, subsidiaries…etc) in any bank; and their compliance towards applying rules, recommendations and legislations. In addition to, estimating the risks and limited them; and controlling the anti-money laundering. Thus, these functions that covered the main concept of (Banking Compliance) would avoid the bank to be under the control of any sanctions.

 

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Publication Date
Wed Jan 01 2020
Journal Name
Biochemical And Cellular Archives
EFFECT OF CHALCONE ON THE FORMATION OF BIOFILMS AND EXPRESSION OF VIRULENCE GENES IN METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
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MRSA is one of the major pathogens in hospitals and the community, which have the ability to produce biofilm as a virulence factor, the impact of chalcone on biofilm formation, the synergism effect of chalcone and antibiotic in both in vitro and in vivo experiments, the gene expression of virulence genes (srtA, fnbA, fnbB) before and after treatment of it on MRSA biofilm cells in vitro, all these were the prime aims of this study. Chalcone at MBIC (20 μg/ml), significantly reduced the biofilm formation to 21.45% and at sub MBIC (15 μg/ml) to 36.58 %. While, Chalcone at MIC(5 μg/ml) reduced MRSA planktonic cells to 49.61%. Susceptibility of MRSA isolates against eight antibiotics showed that all isolates were sensitive to vancomycin and n

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Publication Date
Wed Mar 30 2022
Journal Name
College Of Islamic Sciences
"Explanation of the Fundamentals for Al-Bazdawi" Study and Investigation (From the beginning of Prohibition Chapter to its End)
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This research addresses: Sharh Usul Al-Bazdawi "Explanation of the Fundamentals for Al-Bazdawi", by studying and investigating, from the beginning of prohibition chapter to its end. The researcher conducted a study about this book stating its significance and introducing the compiler and the commentator. The researcher as well mentioned that the prohibition has a special formula and requires repetition, and he went on explaining that prohibition according to Hanafis does not require absolute corruption of the prohibited matter unless based on an evidence, and that what is condemned as wrong act for itself is considered void and what is condemned as wrong act for external reasons is considered corrupt accor

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Publication Date
Thu Oct 20 2022
Journal Name
Ibn Al-haitham Journal For Pure And Applied Sciences
Study the Efficiency of Poly Nicotine Amide as Anticorrosion Coating on Stainless Steel and Study Its Biological Activity
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Using an electrochemical polymerization technique at room temperature, poly nicotine amide (PNA) was produced from the monomer nicotine amide (NA) in aqueous solution. The structure of polymer layer generated on the stainless steel surface (316 L) (working electrode) is investigated by Fourier Transmission Infrared Region (FT-IR). The anti-corrosion activity of polymer coating on the stainless steel (SS 316 L) is investigated by electrochemical polarization in 0.20M solution of HCl at 293-323K. The graphene -modified polymer film-coated SS had greater protection efficiency (PE percent) when compared to Nano ZnO -modified polymer film-coated SS. For the corrosion process of SS 316 L, kinetic and thermo-dynamic parameters of activatio

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Publication Date
Fri Feb 08 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Education For Women
The American Occupation Policy toward Japan 1945-1951 and Iraq 2003-2008: Comparative Historical Study
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With their strategic and geographical positions, Japan and Iraq are one of the major
countries in the world, especially to the United States. Japan lies near the two American
Continents, separated only by the Pacific and it is only normal to have the interests of both
countries crossed and joined in the Far East region. This made the occupation of Japan an
inventible matter in the second half of the 20th century. Iraq, on the other hand, has strategic
position in the Middle East, being surrounded by many active countries like Turkey, Iran, and
Gulf countries, besides Iraq’s oil wealth which is needed by such industrial country like the
United States.

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Publication Date
Fri Jan 31 2025
Journal Name
Iraqi Geological Journal
1D Geomechanical Modeling to Detect the Deformation in Mishrif Formation at Nasriyah Oil Field, Iraq
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Knowing the distribution of the mechanical rock properties and in-situ stresses for the field of interest is essential for many applications concerning reservoir geomechanics, including wellbore instability analysis, hydraulic fracturing, sand production, reservoir compaction, subsidence and water/gas injection throughout the filed life cycle. Determining the rock's mechanical properties is challenging because they cannot be directly measured at the borehole. The recovered carbonate core samples are limited and only provide discrete data for specific depths. This study focuses on creating a detailed 1D geomechanical model of the Mishrif reservoir in the Nasriyah oil field to identify the fault regime type for each unit in the format

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