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LEGAL RULES GOVERNING THE DURATION OF THE CONTRACT IN ITS PERIOD OF FORMATION (COMPARATIVE LEGAL STUDY)
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The duration of the contract is a legal term first provided for in French Amendment Decree No. 131/2016, and given the increasing importance of time in contracts, we have chosen to study the legal rules governing time at the formative stage by drawing on changes in French law compared to both Iraqi and Egyptian laws. Article 1102 of French Amendment Decree No. 131/2016 stipulates that: "Everyone is free to contract or not to contract, to choose the person with whom he contracts, and to determine the content and form of the contract within the limits established by law." Contractual freedom does not permit a breach of the rules relating to public order), as well as article 1104, which provides for (contracts must be negotiated, concluded and executed in good faith) and combined with article 1210 of the same decree, in which the provision was opened (prohibition of life-long obligations), the legal principles controlling the contract are the principle of contractual freedom[i], which is limited by public order[ii], as well as the principle of good faith[iii] and the principle of prohibition of life-long obligations. Since the principle of contractual freedom and the principle of good faith do not attach to the duration of the contract, there was no room for their consideration in the study other than the principle of prohibition of life-long obligations.   [i] The principle of contractual freedom dominates the stage of contract formation, rather it is the cornerstone of the law of obligations, (Lauriane Hauchard) https://www.lepetitjuriste.fr/laffirmation-de-liberte-contractuelle the will alone has the power to create the contract and determine its effects. The tendency of the will to create a legal effect is called a legal act, which is either the union of two wills - or more - and this is the contract, or it is a single will, and this is the singular will like a binding offer and a will. Dr. Hammad Shield, the General Theory of Obligations - Part One Sources of Commitment, Dar Al-Sanhoury, Beirut, 2016, p. 32. [ii] (The consequences of implementing the idea of ​​public order within the framework of contractual relations concluded within the scope of civil law are the invalidity of legal actions violating the rules of public order) dr. Hussein Abdullah Al-Kalabi, Public order as an obstacle to the application of foreign law, a collection of unpublished lectures delivered to master’s students for the academic year 2019-2020, College of Law, University of Baghdad, and paraphrases the idea by saying (the idea of public order is the effective tool for curbing the power of will and preserving the higher interests of society), Dr. Hussein Abdullah Al-Kalabi, The Decadal Public System, a comparative study, Dar Al-Sanhouri, Edition 1, Beirut, 2016, p.9. [iii] Good faith is a general legal presumption, so the judiciary presupposes good faith always, although the legislator did not presuppose good faith except in certain places. Dr. Abdul Razzaq Al-Sanhoury, Al-Wasit, Volume 2, Margin pg 600.

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Publication Date
Wed Sep 22 2021
Journal Name
International Journal Of Corrosion And Scale Inhibition
Synthesis of a CoO–ZnO nanocomposite and its study as a corrosion protection coating for stainless steel in saline solution
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Reaxys Chemistry database information SciVal Topics Metrics Abstract A novel CoO–ZnO nanocomposite was synthesized by the photo irradiation method using a solution of cobalt and zinc complexes and used as a coating applied by electrophoretic deposition (EPD) for corrosion protection of stainless steel (SS) in saline solution. The samples were characterized using powder XRD, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical polarization. It was also found that the coating was still stable after conducting the corrosion test: it contained no cracks and CoO–ZnO nanocomposites clearly appeared on the surface. SEM showed that the significant surface cracking disappeared. XRD confirmed that CoO–ZnO nanocomposites comprised CoO and Zn

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Publication Date
Fri Jul 01 2016
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
A reflection of organizational citizenship behaviors in the performance of employees A prospective study of a sample of the teaching staff working in the Degla University College
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Abstract
        This research aims to identify the relationship and the impact of the behavior of organizational citizenship in the performance of employees, as practiced behaviors organizational citizenship substantial role in achieving the objectives of both the organization and its staff at the same time, so it affects a large extent on the characteristics and performance of individuals employees and thus influence the success of the organization as a whole, problem of the research has indicated that there is a clear failure in the study of the impact of the behavior of organizational citizenship in the performance of employees, was chosen

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Publication Date
Tue Apr 18 2023
Journal Name
Al–bahith Al–a'alami
Counter Psychological Warfare in the partisan press during the operations of Mosul liberation: An analytical study in the “Tareek Al Shaab” Newspaper
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The research aims to monitor the methods of Counter psychological warfare in the Iraqi press during the operations to liberate Mosul from the control of the terrorist organization ISIS.The research used the survey method, and “Tareek Al Shaab” Newspaper as a research sample, chosen according to the systematic random sample.
The research reached the following results:
1- The Communicator’s relied on the contents of the counter-psychological warfare and its methods in the battle of “Qadimun Ya Naynawa” used in the newspaper. The methods used were labels assigning such as : inevitable victory, prodding and morale, consensus, breaking of opposition morale, stereotyping, demonization of the opponent

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Publication Date
Thu May 04 2017
Journal Name
Ibn Al-haitham Journal For Pure And Applied Sciences
Study of Genetic Polymorphism in the Mitochondrial DNA of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly Ceratitis Capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) (Diptera:Tephritidae)Using the Method of PCR-RFLP in Three Governorates in the Middle Region of Iraq.
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Genetic polymorphism in a fragment of NADH (ND4),400bp long from the Mitochondrial DNA
(mtDNA) of Mediterranean fruit fly ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) using PCR-RFLP method
with the restriction enzyme EcoRV in samples collected from three governorates in the middle of Iraq.
The purposes of this study is to establish database, discover the introduction source as well as studying
the genetic diversity for this economic pest in Iraq. The results show that there is a genetic
polymorphism of the studied gene fragment among Kut governorate as compaired with the other
studied samples according to digestion results of the restriction enzyme EcoRV.

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Publication Date
Tue Jun 01 2021
Journal Name
Journal Of Engineering
A Comparative Study of a Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor and Bio-shaft Technology for a Wastewater Treatment Process: A review
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In addition to the primary treatment, biological treatment is used to reduce inorganic and organic components in the wastewater. The separation of biomass from treated wastewater is usually important to meet the effluent disposal requirements, so the MBBR system has been one of the most important modern technologies that use plastic tankers to transport biomass with wastewater, which works in pure biofilm, at low concentrations of suspended solids. However, biological treatment has been developed using the active sludge mixing process with MBBR. Turbo4bio was established as a sustainable and cost-effective solution for wastewater treatment plants in the early 1990s and ran on minimal sludge, and is easy to maintain. This

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Publication Date
Thu Jul 10 2025
Journal Name
Journal Of Baghdad College Of Dentistry
An Evaluation of Gutta-Percha Penetration Depth into Simulated Lateral Canals by Using Three Different Obturation Techniques (A Comparative Study)
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Background:sThe aims of this study were to evaluate and compare the ability of three different techniques to obdurate simulated lateral canals, evaluate the effect of the main canal curvature on obturation of lateral canals and compare the gutta-percha penetration between coronal and apical lateral canals. Materials and methods: Resin blocks with 30 straight and 30 curved were used in this study. Each canal has two parallel lateral canals. The main canal has 0.3 mm apical diameter and 0.04 taper. The canals were divided into six groups according to canal curvature and obturation techniques used (n=10): Groups C1 and C2: straight and curved canals obturated with continuous wave technique using E&Q masterTM system. Groups O1 and O2: straight

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Publication Date
Fri Feb 28 2025
Journal Name
Energies
Synergizing Machine Learning and Physical Models for Enhanced Gas Production Forecasting: A Comparative Study of Short- and Long-Term Feasibility
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Advanced strategies for production forecasting, operational optimization, and decision-making enhancement have been employed through reservoir management and machine learning (ML) techniques. A hybrid model is established to predict future gas output in a gas reservoir through historical production data, including reservoir pressure, cumulative gas production, and cumulative water production for 67 months. The procedure starts with data preprocessing and applies seasonal exponential smoothing (SES) to capture seasonality and trends in production data, while an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) captures complicated spatiotemporal connections. The history replication in the models is quantified for accuracy through metric keys such as m

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Publication Date
Wed Mar 29 2023
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Chemical And Petroleum Engineering
Asphaltene Precipitation Investigation Using a Screening Techniques for Crude Oil Sample from the Nahr-Umr Formation/Halfaya Oil Field
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Many oil and gas processes, including oil recovery, oil transportation, and petroleum processing, are negatively impacted by the precipitation and deposition of asphaltene. Screening methods for determining the stability of asphaltenes in crude oil have been developed due to the high cost of remediating asphaltene deposition in crude oil production and processing. The colloidal instability index, the Asphaltene-resin ratio, the De Boer plot, and the modified colloidal instability index were used to predict the stability of asphaltene in crude oil in this study. The screening approaches were investigated in detail, as done for the experimental results obtained from them. The factors regulating the asphaltene precipitation are different fr

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Publication Date
Thu Jul 02 2009
Journal Name
Journal Of Educational And Psychological Researches
A study and Evaluation of some of the variables in the Stubborn Child behavior in eating his food Between the ages of 3 to 6 years
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The child realize that the meals time provide golden opportunities to get the attention the child needs. However, many difficulties that may appear about eating food can be avoided, if the family used the right way in dealing with this problem. The study aims, in this case, at searching for the reasons that lies behind the child's obstinacy in eating his food and the attempt to study some variables that is related to the research topic.

The results are summed up as follows:

 

  • The number of the sample children is 3 of both sexes between the ages of 3 to 6 years

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Publication Date
Fri Sep 30 2022
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
The role of GRI standards in reporting the dimensions of sustainable development - An applied study in a number of local companies on the Iraq Stock Exchange
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The current research aims to shed light on the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), which helps to report financial and non-financial information by economic units in general and listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange in particular. The research was based on a main premise that apply the criteria of the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) would provide useful information to users to help them make appropriate decisions. To achieve the goal of the research, the descriptive analysis method was used, and quantitative analysis was used. At the level of the descriptive analysis method, a desk survey was conducted. As for the quantitative analysis, it relied on applied data through a questionnaire form (Questioners) as a research tool, and the

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