Theoretical spectroscopic study of  Beryllium Oxide has been carried out, Boltzmann distribution of P, Q and R branches in the range of (0<J<13) at temperature 4200K for (0-0) band for electronic transitions B¹Σ⁺-A¹Π and B¹Σ-X¹Σ. The Boltzmann distribution of these branches has a maximum values at equal J approximately while the values of relative population are different. For the B¹Σ⁺- X¹Σ⁺ transition the branch's lines extend towards lower wavenumber. This is because (B_v'-B_v") value is negative, i.e  B_v'< B_v" For B¹Σ⁺-A¹Π

This article proposes a new strategy based on a hybrid method that combines the gravitational search algorithm (GSA) with the bat algorithm (BAT) to solve a single-objective optimization problem. It first runs GSA, followed by BAT as the second step. The proposed approach relies on a parameter between 0 and 1 to address the problem of falling into local research because the lack of a local search mechanism increases intensity search, whereas diversity remains high and easily falls into the local optimum. The improvement is equivalent to the speed of the original BAT. Access speed is increased for the best solution. All solutions in the population are updated before the end of the operation of the proposed algorithm. The diversification f

Gas sensors are essential for detecting noxious gases that have a detrimental effect on people's health and welfare. Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are the fundamental component of gas detectors. CQDs and graphene (Gr) were prepared using the electrochemical method. The gas sensitivity of these materials was evaluated at different temperatures (150, 200, 250 °C) to assess their effectiveness. Subsequently, experiments were conducted at different temperatures to ascertain that the combination of CQDs and Gr, with various percentages of Gr and CQDs, exhibited superior gas sensitization properties compared to CQDs alone. This was evaluated based on criteria such as sensitivity, recovery time, and reaction time. Interestingly, the combination was

Future generations of wireless communications systems are expected to evolve toward allowing massive ubiquitous connectivity and achieving ultra-reliable and low-latency communications (URLLC) with extremely high data rates. Massive multiple-input multiple-output (m-MIMO) is a crucial transmission technique to fulfill the demands of high data rates in the upcoming wireless systems. However, obtaining a downlink (DL) training sequence (TS) that is feasible for fast channel estimation, i.e., meeting the low-latency communications required by future generations of wireless systems, in m-MIMO with frequency-division-duplex (FDD) when users have different channel correlations is very challenging. Therefore, a low-complexity solution for

Experimental and numerical investigations of the centrifugal pump performance at non-cavitating and cavitating flow conditions were carried out in the present study. Experiments were performed by applying a vacuum to a closed-loop system to investigate the effects of the net positive suction head available (NPSHa), flow rate, water temperature and pump speed on the centrifugal pump performance. Accordingly, many of the important parameters concerning cavitation phenomenon were calculated. Also, the noise which is accompanied by cavitation was measured. Numerical analysis was implemented for two phase flow (the water and its vapor) using a 2-D simulation by ANSYS FLUENT software to investigate the internal flow of centrifugal pump under c

We are used Bayes estimators for unknown scale parameter  when shape Parameter  is known of Erlang distribution. Assuming different informative priors for unknown scale  parameter. We derived The posterior density with posterior mean and posterior variance using different informative priors for unknown scale parameter  which are the inverse exponential distribution, the inverse chi-square distribution, the inverse Gamma distribution, and the standard Levy distribution as prior. And we derived Bayes estimators based on the general entropy loss function (GELF) is used the Simulation method to obtain the results. we generated different cases for the parameters of the Erlang model, for different sample sizes. The estimates have been comp

       Human detection represents a main problem of interest when using video based monitoring. In this paper, artificial neural networks, namely multilayer perceptron (MLP) and radial basis function (RBF) are used to detect humans among different objects in a sequence of frames (images) using classification approach. The classification used is based on the shape of the object instead of depending on the contents of the frame. Initially, background subtraction is depended to extract objects of interest from the frame, then statistical and geometric information are obtained from vertical and horizontal projections of the objects that are detected to stand for the shape of the object. Next to this step, two ty

Abstract

Knowing the amount of residual stresses and find technological solutions to minimize and control them during the production operation are an important task because great levels of deformation which occurs in single point incremental forming (SPIF), this induce highly non-uniform residual stresses. In this papera propose of a method for multilayer single point incremental forming with change in thickness of the top plate (0.5, 0.7, 0.9) mm and lubrication or material between two plates(polymer, grease, grease with graphite, mos₂) to knowing an effect of this method  and parameters on residual stresses for the bottom plates. Also compare these results for the

Relation on a set is a simple mathematical model to which many real-life data can be connected. A binary relation  on a set  can always be represented by a digraph. Topology on a set  can be generated by binary relations on the set . In this direction, the study will consider different classical categories of topological spaces whose topology is defined by the binary relations adjacency and reachability on the vertex set of a directed graph. This paper analyses some properties of these topologies and studies the properties of closure and interior of the vertex set of subgraphs of a digraph. Further, some applications of topology generated by digraphs in the study of biological systems are cited.