Mobile ad hoc network is nothing but the temporary network which is having the collection of mobile nodes. Routing and broadcasting are major operations of MANET network. The major operation in ad hoc mobile network is the broadcasting which sometime results to storm problem of the broadcast if the forwarding mechanism is not properly designated. Thus the challenges in the MANET are to reduce the broadcasting redundancy and under high transmission error rate provides high delivery ratio. Hence in our proposed research, we are introducing and investigating the new mechanism of broadcasting called Dual Covered Broadcast. This method takes the broadcast redundancy advantage order to improve packet delivery ratio especially under environments where transmission error rate higher. According to proposed approach, among the senders 1-hop neighbors, forwarding nodes which are selected are only retransmit the broadcasting message. There are two ways for selection of forwarding nodes and either of one is used depending on the network conditions. The source node provides forwarding node retransmission as acknowledgement of reception of packet. If the source node not getting the retransmissions of its forwarding nodes, source node resend the packets until the maximum threshold will reach. For the simulation of this project we used the Microsoft .Net framework and our simulation results shows that proposed method performing well under the high transmission error rate. From the simulated results we claim that investigated approach for the broadcasting is more efficient as compared to the existing approaches.
In the age of information and communication revolution, education as one of life aspects has influenced with that revolution by integrating technology in education, which have become as an important learning tools of the whole educational process . Technology, when used appropriately, can help make science classroom a site of active learning and critical thinking, furthering student inquiry and connections with different materials. It is necessary to develop human rights education programs and materials for discretionary and extracurricular activities as it provide them with the skills and tools so that they are empowered to take action to realize their rights. Human rights education is a critical means of instilling the knowledge، skil
... Show MoreThis study was carried out to determine the effects of some environmental variables on biodiversity index value of benthic invertebrates' community in samples that collected monthly from two adjacent sites nearby the confluence of Tigris and Diyala rivers within Baghdad city that’s from November 2007 - October 2008. Results showed differences in chemical and physical characteristics for each river. Where the annual averages of these characteristics in Rivers Tigris and Diyala respectively for: water temperature (20, 19) Cº, pH (8, 8), Dissolved oxygen DO(8,4 ) mg/l , EC(1152,2979)µc/cm , Turbidity (28,74) NTU, Total Hardness of CaCO3 (485,823)mg/l, and finally NO3 (4,6)mg/l. Concerning the biological groups, included types of Insect
... Show MoreThe information revolution، the new language has become one for all the peoples of the world through handling and exchange and to participate in all key areas (economic، cultural and scientific) and Accounting episode of this revolution has turned most of the traditional systems (manual) in companies to automated systems، this transformation in the regulations summoned from the auditors that develops their traditional examination automated systems so had to provide tools for auditing help auditors to keep abreast of developments and as a result there is no evidence checksum Local Private audited automated systems came search to provide evidence helps auditors for guidance as part of COBIT، which provides audit procedures Detailed inf
... Show MoreCardiovascular disorders are refer to the class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels (arteries and veins). While the term technically refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system. Cholesterol is classified as a sterol (a contraction of steroid and
... Show MoreIn this study, the fission track registration technique with the CR-39 detector are using to determination the uranium concentrations for seventeen samples of teeth distributed in four districts in Baghdad City .Five samples taken from both Al-Durra District and Al-Jadiriyia District, Four samples taken from Al-Karrda (Alaatar street) Taken four samples and three samples taken from Al-Zuafrania and by 0.5gm in weight and 1.5 mm in thickness. The uranium concentrations in teeth samples measured by using fission tracks registration in (CR-39) track detector that caused by the bombardment of (U) with thermal neutrons from (241 Am-Be) neutron source that has flux of (5 ×103 n cm-2 s-1). The concen
... Show MoreThe research aims to determine the role of training strategy dimensions of (trainers، curriculum training programs، trainees and their desire for training، administrative and supervisory services and their impact on the success of the training program) in the entrepreneurial performance of the organization dimensions of (pre-planning، renovation and modernization، efficiency، effectiveness)، so search ranks of great importance because it addresses an important and modern issue in performance entrepreneurial، and strategy training، aware of the importance of the subject and expected outcomes (General company for electrical Industries - motor plant) surveyed، was an analysis of data obtained through field visits in addition to the q
... Show MoreThis study evaluated the extent to which obturation materials bypass fractured endodontic instruments positioned in the middle and apical thirds of severely curved simulated root canals using different obturation techniques. Sixty resin blocks with simulated root canals were used, each with a 50° curvature, a 6.5 mm radius of curvature, and a length of 16.5 mm, prepared to an ISO #15 diameter and taper. Canals were shaped using ProTaper Universal files (Dentsply Maillefer) attached to an X-smart Plus endo motor (Dentsply), set at 3.5 Ncm torque and 250 rpm, up to size S2 at working length. To simulate fractures, F2 and F3 files were weakened 3 mm from the tip, then twisted to break in the apical and middle sections of the canal, re
... Show MoreThe research aims to shed light on the recent experience in the Iraqi business environment, which is the experience of the merger. To evaluate a recent experience in an important sector of the Iraqi business sectors, namely the industrial sector to enable decision-makers to review that experience to judge the extent of its success and address some of the lapses that experience that by measuring synergies can be judged on the success of the merger experience or not. The research community is the governmental industrial sector. The research sample included six cases of merger (14) companies before the merger. The Holt method was used to predict the net sales and total cost values before the merger as if it were not merged. Th
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Summary
The book (Fatah al-Rahman reveals what is ambiguous in the Qur’an), which is a book of verbal similarities that tries to touch the Qur’an expression, and the subtle differences between its expressions and expressions. It appeared when it appeared in many chapters, from which I chose to delete in monolithic letters such as Ba and Ta, and to heal and delete in non-monosymbols such as (that) and (may) and (no), so the search came to two chapters The first is for deleting the monolithic letters, and the second is for deleting non-monosyllabic letters, preceded by introductory discussions revolving around the linguistic and idiomatic definition of deletion, a brief translation of the
... Show MoreBackground: Nutritional status during childhood is very important for individual development and growth. Nutrition has local and systemic effect on the oral health by affecting dental health and salivary composition. This study was aimed to determine effect of iron, sodium and potassium ions in saliva on the nutritional status and to determine the effect of nutritional status on caries severity among preschool children. Material and Methods: The sample consists of 90 children aged 4 and 5 years of both genders, selected from 6 kindergartens in Al-Resafa aspect of Baghdad province. Children classified according to their nutritional status into three groups (normalweight, underweight and overweight). Nutritional status was determined by usi
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