This research included the study of different factors that may effect on gatifloxacin stability (anew quinolone synthetic antibacterial agent) in its aqueous solution in order to develop and optimize the best delivary of the drug to the eye (as eye drop) with maximum local concentration and minimum systemic absorption and toxicity.Different formulas of gatifloxacin solution for ophthalmic use (0.3%)w/v were prepared in citrate, acetate,citrate/phosphate and phosphate buffers,their tonicity adjusted with suitable quantity of sodium chloride.The effect of different factors that might affectthe stability of gatifloxacin in its prepared ophthalmic solution was studied and determined spectrophotometrically at 287 nm. The results showed that The use of disodium edetate as asequestering agent gave more stable formula and gatifloxacin undergoes hydrolysis at low pH with optimum stability at pH 6.0, which is the most suitable pH for this ophthalmic solution. The type of buffer significantlyaffects on the rate of hydrolysis of gatifloxacinspecially at low pH and optimum stability was obtained by using phosphate buffer. The concentration of phosphate buffer had a significant effect on the hydrolysis of gatifloxacin and the rate of hydrolysis increased as the concentration buffer increased. Ionic strength affects the hydrolysis rate of gatifloxacin and the hydrolysis increased as the ionic strength increased. Light had a significant effect on the rate of hydrolysis of the drug and the drug losses 10% of its potency after 10 monthes of light exposure at room temperature. The prepared formula J ( gatifloxacin 0.3% in 0.1M phosphate buffer with sodium chloride 0.26% , xanthan gum 0.2% and disodium edetate 0.01%) is thebest stable one and had no irritation on the eye of experimental animals, and it passes successfully quality control tests including: drug content, pH, clarity and sterility test and comply with united state pharmacopoeia for ophthalmic solutions.
Background: Apicoectomy and retrograde filling is indicated when conventional endodontic treatment is impossible or failed to achieve apical seal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ER: YAG laser on apical microleakage. Materials and Methods: Sixty extracted single-rooted teeth were used in this study. The roots were divided into six groups. Group 1: apicoectomy by fissure bur, and apical cavities prepared by round bur, then cavities were filled with MTA. Group 2: the roots preparations and fillings were the same as group 1, then the apical areas were treated by Er:YAG Laser. Group 3: apicoectomy by fissure bur, and apical cavities prepared by ultrasound retrotip and cavities were filled with MTA. Group 4: the roots prepara
... Show MoreFor over a decade, educational technology has been used sparingly in our schools and universities. Online training courses have been used since 2003 to fill the gaps in our learning system and to add extra program besides classroom learning. This paper aims to investigate the Iraqi EFL instructors’ participating in online training courses and its influence on the process of teaching and learning.
The sample of present study consists of 30 instructors from University of Baghdad. The questionnaire of sixteen items was constructed. After ensuring validity and reliability of questionnaire, it was applied on March 2013 and the result shows that most of instructors improve their teaching methods b
... Show MoreSeveral specimens of the avocet, Recurvirostra avocetta L. are found infected with
Himantocestus gigantivcus sp. nov. ( Cestoda , Diploposthidae) . This cestode is related to H.
blanksoni Ukoli 1965 but easily differentiated from it in having longer and wider strobila,
larger size of testes but lesser in number, cirrus situated in the middle of mature segment
histead of anterior third and slightly posterior to the middle in gravid segment instead of the
middle , ovary and vitelline gland are larger , and the uterus has more branches.
In this paper, an algorithm for binary codebook design has been used in vector quantization technique, which is used to improve the acceptability of the absolute moment block truncation coding (AMBTC) method. Vector quantization (VQ) method is used to compress the bitmap (the output proposed from the first method (AMBTC)). In this paper, the binary codebook can be engender for many images depending on randomly chosen to the code vectors from a set of binary images vectors, and this codebook is then used to compress all bitmaps of these images. The chosen of the bitmap of image in order to compress it by using this codebook based on the criterion of the average bitmap replacement error (ABPRE). This paper is suitable to reduce bit rates
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Acinetobacter baumannii ability to form biofilm makes it to be opportunistic pathogen causing of nosocomial infections and to be good survivor in adverse environmental conditions including medical devices and hospital environments. Six isolates of A. baumannii were isolated from drinking water and tested to investigate biofilm formation capacity on three different type of abiotic surface, also several factors were examined such as hydrophobicity, PH and temperature. All A. baumannii isolates displayed a positive biofilm on congored aga test CRA (pigmented colonies with black color) and Christensen's test (adhesive layer of stained material to the inside surface of the tube).The obtained data of microbial adhesion to hydrocarbons assay (MATH
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