During his tenure in Iraq, al-Hadjjaj bin Yusif undertook administrative and economic reforms as well as linguistic reform.

The efforts exerted by Abu al-Aswad al-Dawali to control the reading of the Holy Quran were not sufficient, so the melody and error continued and became more pronounced, especially since the letters were written until then without any distinguishing features.

Al- Hadjjaj bin Yusuf realized the seriousness of the continuation of these errors and what he talked with the days of the causes of division and disagreement between the Muslim community ordered his book to put these suspicious characters marks was at the head of the book Nasr bin Asim and Yehi bin Muammar

Because of the diverse circumstances in Andalusia, the Jews lost much of the atmosphere of freedom and coexistence, which they enjoyed under Islamic rule there, to leave more Jews in the sixth century AH, under Spanish rule abolishing the existence of the other. And to impose his negativity with unjust domination. What motivated the people of Judaism; to turn their faces on the Islamic East; according to the coexistence climates that glorified various religions. It has emerged in this regard Benjamin Title (d. 685 e), who made a long journey to the east, recorded in the texts of the traveler, what will be shown research, God willing.

The Reasons behind the decadence of the studies concerning the evening school in Salah al Deen A field study

 The current research aims to: (know the effectiveness of the harvesting strategy in the achievement of the students of the Institute of Fine Arts in environmental art.
- In order to know this effectiveness, the researcher put a main zero hypothesis and derived six sub-hypotheses from it. the usual way; As the research community reached (120) male and female students of the Fine Arts Institutes for the morning study in Baghdad. As for the research sample, it was chosen by the simple random method, and the number was (75) male and female students for the year 2021-2022 AD. The researcher applied a pre-knowledge test for the four groups of research to find out the level of previous experiences of students in the subject of environmen

Monetary sterilization policies are one of the modern trends of monetary policy in rentier countries, specifically to confront the positive shocks in foreign assets flowing into the national economy and the impact of these shocks on monetary and real variables. And that the Central Bank contains these emergency increases in foreign exchange with the aim of avoiding the impact of this increase on the official local currency through its three main monetary tools, which are the rediscount rate, the legal reserve, and open market operations. As well as the relationship between the central bank and the objective of external balance, which is reflected in the balance of payments balance, the central bank resorts to managing the exchange rate

       The trade balance is considered as a way to join the national economy with the world, So it is the mirror that reflect the economic center of the country and it is point to competitive ability of it, The tariff and the exchange rate perform a great role to motivate the domestic production and improve the trade balance if we direct them to achieve the same purpose. The Iraqi economic has trade balance which achieve overabundant during the years of studying because of the oil exports, while the other exports represent a small percentage it is hardly remember, and expansion in imports from other side causes exhaustion in oil revenues, and this make the trade balance in permanent

This experiment was carried out at the Grdarash field belongs to the Agricultural researches directorate/general Agriculture directorate-Erbil in September (2007)، 27 Arabic lambs aged (5-6 months) With average initial weight (39.178 Kg/lamb) were used. Lambs were divided in to (3) groups (9 lambs/group). Control group was fed on (85% barely، 10% bran and 5% straw)، and second and third groups were fed on various by-product in replacement with barely in loss and block shape respectively.

The total gain of three groups were (392708.32، 634826.52 & 445613.72 ID resp

In this study, we investigate the behavior of the estimated spectral density function of stationary time series in the case of missing values, which are generated by the second order Autoregressive (AR (2)) model, when the error term for the AR(2) model has many of continuous distributions. The Classical and Lomb periodograms used to study the behavior of the estimated spectral density function by using  the simulation.

The energy density state are the powerful factor for evaluate the validity of a material in any application. This research focused on examining the electrical properties of the Se6Te4- xSbx glass semiconductor with x=1, 2 and 3, using the thermal evaporation technique. D.C electrical conductivity was used by determine the current, voltage and temperatures, where the electrical conductivity was studied as a function of temperature and the mechanical electrical conduction were determined in the different conduction regions (the extended and localized area and at the Fermi level). In addition, the density of the energy states in these regions is calculated using the mathematical equations. The constants of energy density states are det

What is the contract of cultivating the land of the waqf in Islamic jurisprudence and the Algerian Awqaf law