Routing is the process of delivering a packet from a source to a destination in the network using a routing algorithm that tries to create an efficient path. The path should be created with minimum overhead and bandwidth consumption. In literature, routing protocols in VANET were categorized in many ways, according to different aspects. In the present study, we prefer the classification based on the number of hops to reach the destination node. In literature, these are single-hop and multi-hops protocols. We first discuss the two types and then compare the MDDV (multi-hops protocol) with VADD (single-hop protocol). The comparison is theoretically and experimentally implemented by providing a network environment consisting of SUMO, VIENS and INET++ libraries within OMNeT++ simulator. The code of each protocol is written in C++ language and integrated in the OMNeT++ simulator. Several evaluation measures are used including: throughput, end-to-end packet delay, packet delivery ratio, and goodput. Results reveal that none of these two protocols is ideal for all possible scenarios of VANET traffic. VADD protocol performs better for high vehicles density and high transmission rates, whereas MDDV protocol gives better performance for low density and low transmission rates.
The goal beyond this Research is to review methods that used to estimate Logistic distribution parameters. An exact estimators method which is the Moment method, compared with other approximate estimators obtained essentially from White approach such as: OLS, Ridge, and Adjusted Ridge as a suggested one to be applied with this distribution. The Results of all those methods are based on Simulation experiment, with different models and variety of sample sizes. The comparison had been made with respect to two criteria: Mean Square Error (MSE) and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE).
Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) is one of the important statistical methods that are widely used in a range of applications in various fields, which simulates the work of the human brain in terms of receiving a signal, processing data in a human cell and sending to the next cell. It is a system consisting of a number of modules (layers) linked together (input, hidden, output). A comparison was made between three types of neural networks (Feed Forward Neural Network (FFNN), Back propagation network (BPL), Recurrent Neural Network (RNN). he study found that the lowest false prediction rate was for the recurrentt network architecture and using the Data on graduate students at the College of Administration and Economics, Univer
... Show MoreIntroduction and Aim: Diabetes mellitus patients almost always struggle with a metabolic condition known as chronic hyperglycemia. According to the World Health Organization, osteoporosis is a progressive systemic skeletal disorder that is characterized by decreasing bone mass and microstructural breakdown of bone tissue that increases susceptibility to fracture and increased risk of breaking a bone. Here, we aimed to compare the levels of CatK and total oxidative state in patients with diabetes and osteoporosis among the female Iraqi population and study the possible relationship between them. Materials and Methods: This study included 40 females with diabetes (Group G1), 40 with diabetes and osteoporosis (Group G2) and 40 normal healthy f
... Show MoreThe purpose of this study is to assess the level of moral development, spiritual intelligence, and critical thinking of nurses, and to see if there is a relationship between these constructs for them. A descriptive correlational design was used, with a sample of 102 nurses in Iran. The descriptive statistics and Pearson’s correlation were done on the survey results using SPSS (Version 24). The moral development level scores of the nurses were 34 ± 2.17, which is considered average, critical thinking was 25 ± 1.23, which is considered relatively high, and spiritual intelligence scores were 41 ± 2.75, which is considered relatively low. Both spiritual intelligence and critical thinking were positively correla
... Show MoreBackground: Prolapsed intervertebral disc is an important and common cause of low backache. MRI has now become universally accepted investigation for prolapsed intervertebral disc. We, however, regularly come across situations, when MRI shows diffuse disc bulges, even at multiple levels, which cannot be correlated clinically and when such cases are operated, no significant disc prolapse is found resulting in negative exploration.Objective: To evaluate the role of M.R.I. finding not only for diagnosis of disc herniation at lumbar region but also for localization the level of herniationMethods: A prospective study on seventy five symptomatic low backache and MRI confirmed prolapsed intervertebral disc patients at lumbo-sacral region were o
... Show MoreIn Iraq, breast cancer incidence exceeds any other type of cancers and the etiology not understood well.Epstein Barr virus is a gamma herpesviruses and one of carcinogenic viruses that may implicated tobreast carcinogenesis. The nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA-1) protein is the sole EBV antigen that presentedin all tumors related to EBV and plays pivotal roles in carcinogenesis of the virus. Examination appliedby immunohistochemistry (IHC) to detect and demonstrate the correlation between (EBNA-1) and tumorsuppressor protein (P53) expression. The study includes paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of ninety 90malignant breast tissues and thirty 30 normal breast autopsies. EBNA-1 was significantly expressed in 40/90(44.4%) of malignant tissues wh
... Show MoreThe entrance process re-engineering one of the main entrances of administrative and technology appropriate to keep pace with scientific progress and the continuing changes in business environment and for the purpose of achieving the goal sought by the organizations in the pursuit of rapid developments and renewable energy in the market competition by changing its operations and activities of the radical change which contributes to an effective contribution to reducing the cost of product or service taking into account the quality improvement in the management of change to keep the increase value and speed of placing on the market to meet customer needs and desires to achieve a
... Show MoreBackground: This study was designed to investigate the relationship between the ramus notch depth and some of the craniofacial measurements in Iraqi adults with skeletal Cl I, Cl II and Cl III; and to find out if there were any differences in the ramus notch between the skeletal classes.Materials and method: The sample consisted of 174 pretreatment digital lateral cephalometric radiographs of Iraqis aged between 18-25 years old (85 females and 89 males). Seven linear and six angular measurements were analyzed using AutoCAD (2007) software computer program. Descriptive statistics and gender differences were done for the measurements. ANOVA test compared the ramus notch depth between the skeletal classes, while Pearson correlation coefficient
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