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Immunohistochemical expression of angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 in superficial and deep maxillofacial tissues: A cross‐sectional study
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Abstract<sec><title>Background and Aims

The involvement of maxillofacial tissues in SARS‐CoV‐2 infections ranges from mild dysgeusia to life‐threatening tissue necrosis, as seen in SARS‐CoV‐2‐associated mucormycosis. Angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) which functions as a receptor for SARS‐CoV‐2 was reported in the epithelial surfaces of the oral and nasal cavities; however, a complete understanding of the expression patterns in deep oral and maxillofacial tissues is still lacking.

Methods

The immunohistochemical expression of ACE2 was analyzed in 95 specimens from maxillofacial tissues and 10 specimens of pulmonary alveolar tissue using a semiquantitative immunohistochemical scoring procedure, taking into account all superficial and deep maxillofacial tissue cells. We also explored the associations of age, gender, and anatomical site with expression scores.

Results

ACE2 was detected in keratinized epithelia (57.34%), non‐keratinized epithelia (46.51%), nasal respiratory epithelial cells (73.35%), pulmonary alveolar cells (82.54%), fibroblasts (63.69%), vascular endothelial cells (58.43%), mucous acinar cells (59.88%), serous acinar cells (79.49%), salivary duct cells (86.26%) skeletal muscle fibers (71.01%), neuron support cells (94.25%), and bone marrow cells (72.65%). Age and gender did not affect the expression levels significantly in epithelial cells (p = 0.76, and p = 0.7 respectively); however, identical cells expressed different protein levels depending on the site from which the specimens were obtained. For example, dorsal tongue epithelia expressed significantly lower ACE2 scores than alveolar epithelia (p < 0.001). A positive correlation was found between ACE2 expression in fibroblasts and epithelial cells (r = 0.378, p = 0.001), and between vascular endothelial and epithelial cells (r = 0.395, p = 0.001).

Conclusion

ACE2 is expressed by epithelial cells and subepithelial tissues including fibroblasts, vascular endothelia, skeletal muscles, peripheral nerves, and bone marrow. No correlation was detected between ACE2 expression and patient age or sex while the epithelial expression scores were correlated with stromal scores.

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Publication Date
Fri Dec 01 2023
Journal Name
Russian Journal Of Bioorganic Chemistry
A Brief Review on Schiff Base, Synthesis, and Their Antimicrobial Activities
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Publication Date
Wed Jul 01 2020
Journal Name
International Journal Of Drug Delivery Technology
Gold nanoparticle: Synthesis, functionalization, enhancement, drug delivery and therapy: A review
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Publication Date
Fri Sep 16 2022
Journal Name
Sustainability
Intellectual Capital History and Trends: A Bibliometric Analysis Using Scopus Database
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This article aims to provide a bibliometric analysis of intellectual capital research published in the Scopus database from 1956 to 2020 to trace the development of scientific activities that can pave the way for future studies by shedding light on the gaps in the field. The analysis focuses on 638 intellectual capital-related papers published in the Scopus database over 60 years, drawing upon a bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer. This paper highlights the mainstream of the current research in the intellectual capital field, based on the Scopus database, by presenting a detailed bibliometric analysis of the trend and development of intellectual capital research in the past six decades, including journals, authors, countries, inst

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Publication Date
Sat Jan 01 2022
Journal Name
Materials Today: Proceedings
Energy management and storage systems on electric vehicles: A comprehensive review
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Publication Date
Tue Feb 26 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
The Return Variation on Investment as a Function for the Difference of Market Share: An Applied Research on a Sample of Private Banks listed in Iraq Stock Exchange (ISX)
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    The research specified with study the relation  between the market share for the sample research banks and the amount of the achieved revenues from the investment, where the  dominated belief  that there potentiality enhancing the revenue on investment with the increase of the banks shares in their markets after their success in achieving rates of successive growth in their sales of sales and to a suitable achieve  market coverage for their products and they have dissemination and suitable  promotion activity, the  market share represented the competition  for the banks, and the markets pay attention to the  market share as a strategic objective and to maintain them also increasi

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Publication Date
Tue Mar 03 2026
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
The impact of strategic foresight on strategic decision-making- Analytical study at the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research
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Publication Date
Sun Dec 04 2011
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Preparation and Spectral Study of New Complexes of Some Metal Ions with 3,5-Dimethyl-1H-Pyrazol-1-yl Phenyl Methanone
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Many complexes of 3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl phenyl methanone with Cr(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Cd(II) were synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, UV/visible spectra, elemental analysis, room temperature magnetic susceptibility and molar conductivity. Cd(II) complex was expected to have tetrahedral structure while all the other complexes were expected to have an octahedral structure.

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Publication Date
Sun Apr 30 2017
Journal Name
Journal Of Engineering
Study the effect of microbial factor on the qualities and characteristics of Novolak composite material, reinforced glass fibers / Asbestos fibers.
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The study was reflection of the impact of the widespread use of polymer Novolak composite reinforced  Glass fiber and Asbestos fiber once again with weight fraction 60% on the physical properties, which included (Hardness, Compressive deformation, compressive modulus of elasticity, Flexural modulus of elasticity, Resilience modulus, the maximum of Flexural strength, Flexural strain energy and Shear strength inner layers); it is known how much important the media as a source of bacterial contamination, which contributes directly or indirectly in the process of aging of these materials. These Novolak composite reinforced,  prepared by weight fraction of (10%) and (14%) of the Hexamethylene-tetraamine (HMTA) hardener material. It

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Publication Date
Tue Dec 01 2020
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
The impact of strategic foresight on strategic decision-making- Analytical study at the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research
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The current study aims at the extent of determining the interest of the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research and its various departments in the process of strategic foresight, and whether this interest is reflected in its strategic decisions if the study relies on an exploratory and analytical approach and has targeted managers in the higher management within this ministry, and the questionnaire has also been used as a basic tool for collecting For data, the study population was (94), (89) questionnaires were distributed, (86) questionnaires were retrieved, and usable questionnaires amounted to (83). The sub-variable had the highest impact on strategic decision-making (intuition), as this research demonstrated the

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Publication Date
Wed Dec 28 2022
Journal Name
Al–bahith Al–a'alami
Topics and political frameworks for the news of the Iraqi Ministry of Foreign Affairs on its website: an analytical study
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This is a descriptive study that used the survey method, it’s aimed to identify the topics and frameworks of diplomatic and political issues covered by the news of the website of the Iraqi Ministry of Foreign Affairs, through the content analysis method applied on a sample selected in a systematic random manner for news published in the year 2021. The sample included (191) news equivalent to (20%) of the total study population of (942). The study reached some results, the most important of which were as follows: The political issue, in its general sense, grabbed the most prominent attention among the various issues and events focused on by Iraqi diplomacy: "international cooperation", "bilateral cooperation", and then "regional politic

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