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A novel method for the synthesis of biodiesel from soybean oil and urea
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The increasing demand for energy has encouraged the development of renewable resources and environmentally benign fuel such as biodiesel. In this study, ethyl fatty esters (EFEs), a major component of biodiesel fuel, were synthesized from soybean oil using sodium ethoxide as a catalyst. By-products were glycerol and difatty acyl urea (DFAU), which has biological characteristics, as antibiotics and antifungal medications. Both EFEs and DFAU have been characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique. The optimum conditions were studied as a function of reaction time, reactant molar ratios, catalyst percentage and the effect of organic solvents. The conversion ratio of soybean oil into pure EFEs was 76% after 10 h of reaction. The highest conversion yield of EFEs is obtained when the urea/soybean oil ratio was from 6.2 mmol to 1 mmol, while the highest production of DFAU is obtained when the ethoxide (as a catalyst)/soybean oil ratio is from 6.4 mmol to 1 mmol in hexane as the reaction medium.

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Publication Date
Wed Oct 17 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
A Comparison of Bayes Estimators for the parameter of Rayleigh Distribution with Simulation
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   A comparison of double informative and non- informative priors assumed for the parameter of Rayleigh distribution is considered. Three different sets of double priors are included, for a single unknown parameter of Rayleigh distribution. We have assumed three double priors: the square root inverted gamma (SRIG) - the natural conjugate family of priors distribution, the square root inverted gamma – the non-informative distribution, and the natural conjugate family of priors - the non-informative distribution as double priors .The data is generating form three cases from Rayleigh distribution for different samples sizes (small, medium, and large). And Bayes estimators for the parameter is derived under a squared erro

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Publication Date
Wed Mar 10 2021
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
synthesis of poly condensation
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in the present investigation new eight poly esrers as schiff bases wich containing pendant imine group were synthesized by treatment of poly acryloyl chlodire with ethanol amine group were synthesized by treatment of poly acryloyl chloride with ethanol

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Publication Date
Thu Apr 06 2023
Journal Name
International Journal Of Emerging Technologies In Learning (ijet)
The Impact of a Scenario-Based Learning Model in Mathematics Achievement and Mental Motivation for High School Students
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Publication Date
Wed Aug 28 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of Engineering
Subsurface Water Retention a Technology for Increasing the Field Use Efficiency and Water Saving Values of Cucumber Plant
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The technology of subsurface soil water retention (SWRT) uses a polyethylene ‎trough that is fixed under the root zone of the plant. It is a modern technology to increase the values of water ‎use efficiency, plant productivity and saving irrigation water by applying as little irrigation water ‎as possible. This study work aims at improving the crop yield and water use efficiency of a cucumber plant with less applied irrigation water by installing membrane trough below the soil surface. The field experiment was conducted in the Hawr Rajab District of ‎Baghdad Governorate in Winter 2018 for testing various trickle irrigation ‎systems. Two agricultural ‎treatment plots were utilized in a greenhouse for the compa

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Publication Date
Thu Jul 01 2021
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Science
The Influence of NMI against Modularity in Community Detection Problem: A Case Study for Unsigned and Signed Networks
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Community detection is useful for better understanding the structure of complex networks. It aids in the extraction of the required information from such networks and has a vital role in different fields that range from healthcare to regional geography, economics, human interactions, and mobility. The method for detecting the structure of communities involves the partitioning of complex networks into groups of nodes, with extensive connections within community and sparse connections with other communities. In the literature, two main measures, namely the Modularity (Q) and Normalized Mutual Information (NMI) have been used for evaluating the validation and quality of the detected community structures. Although many optimization algo

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Publication Date
Thu Sep 05 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of Engineering / University Of Baghdad
Subsurface Water Retention a Technology for Increasing the Field Use Efficiency and Water Saving Values of Cucumber Plant
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The technology of subsurface soil water retention (SWRT) uses a polyethylene trough that is fixed under the root zone of the plant. It is a modern technology to increase the values of water use efficiency, plant productivity and saving irrigation water by applying as little irrigation water as possible. This study work aims at improving the crop yield and water use efficiency of a cucumber plant with less applied irrigation water by installing membrane trough below the soil surface. The field experiment was conducted in the Hawr Rajab District of Baghdad Governorate in Winter 2018 for testing various trickle irrigation systems. Two agricultural treatment plots were utilized in a greenhouse for the comparison. Plot T1 has used a subsurface t

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Publication Date
Sun Sep 24 2017
Journal Name
Ibn Al-haitham Journal For Pure And Applied Sciences
Using The Ultrasonic Waves For Studying Thermal And Elastic Properties as a Function of Porosity in Sintered ceramic
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Ultrasonic pulse echo measurements on porous alumina as ceramic

material with porosities ranging from (20-40)% showed effect of volume

fraction of porosity on both thermal and elastic properties. A quadratic relationships, by using a least squares method, is deduced for the dependence of the shear velocity, longitudinal velocity, shear modulus, Young's modulus,  bulk  modulus, Poisson 's ratio, Debye temperature, specific heat, and thermal conductivity on the total  porosity. By these relationships,  the  thermal  and  elastic  properties  results  of  pore-free alumina  were  calculated.  The  elastic  properties  results  of  

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Publication Date
Wed Jun 30 2021
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
The Impact of Innovative Marketing on the Organization's Reputation by Mediating the Brand _ Field Research in the Oil Marketing Company (SOMO)
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The research aims to verify that there is an influence between innovative marketing and the organization's reputation by brand mediation.

The research problem is that the Oil Marketing Company (SOMO) needs innovative, unconventional methods in marketing its products and improving its reputation by adopting a solid brand that adds value to the product.

The importance of the research: The importance of the research is highlighted as it deals with essential variables in business organizations that help increase customer loyalty by adopting a distinctive brand.

The research started from four main hypotheses to explore correlations and influence between researc

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Publication Date
Sat Jan 01 2022
Journal Name
3rd International Scientific Conference Of Alkafeel University (iscku 2021)
Investigations for the critical vehicle velocities on a curved path
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Publication Date
Fri Mar 01 2019
Journal Name
Al-khwarizmi Engineering Journal
A Finite Element Analysis for the Damaged Rotating Composite Blade
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In this paper, the finite element method is used to study the dynamic behavior of the damaged rotating composite blade. Three dimensional, finite element programs were developed using a nine node laminated shell as a discretization element for the blade structure (the same element type is used for damaged and non-damaged structure). In this analysis the initial stress effect (geometric stiffness) and other rotational effects except the carioles acceleration effect are included.  The investigation covers the effect speed of rotation, aspect ratio, skew angle, pre-twist angle, radius to length, layer lamination and fiber orientation of composite blade. After modeling a non-damaged rotating composite blade, the work procedure was to ap

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