This work aims to investigate the integrated ultra-dense wavelength division multiplexing (UDWDM) and polarization division multiplexing (PDM) schemes incorporated in the free space optic (FSO) communication system. Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) are used as post and pre-amplifiers in the proposed UDWDM–PDM–FSO system to boost the transmission power for increasing the distance. Thirty-two channels are transported over the FSO link to realize the total data transmission of 160 and 320 Gbps with 0.08 and 0.1 nm channel spacing, respectively. Results are also reported with non-return to zero modulation schemes. The performance of the proposed UDWDM–PDM–FSO transmission system is measured in terms of bit error rate (BER) and eye diagrams. The transmission distances are 100 and 87 km under clear weather and have acceptable BERs with 0.08 and 0.1 nm channel spacing, respectively. The weather conditions may worsen due to the increase in atmospheric turbulence. Hence, the transmission distances decrease to 3.93 and 2.6 km for heavy rain weather conditions. The UDWDM–PDM–FSO communication system exhibits an excellent performance due to the use of EDFAs with high achievable maximum distance and good and acceptable BER performance. The UDWDM–PDM–FSO communication system considerably enhances the transmission distance compared with the UDWDM–FSO communication system.
In this research was conducted to provide a product to analyze the performance sensor fiber optic used to measure and feel the intensity of the electric field results showed obtained that use sensor long gives reactive high electric field strength and a high value for allergic sensor, but that is at the expense of reducing the intensity of the electric field that is detected
The purpose of this paper is to define fuzzy subspaces for fuzzy space of orderings and we prove some results about this definition in which it leads to a lot of new results on fuzzy space of orderings. Also we define the sum and product over such spaces such that: If f = < a1,…,an > and g = < b1,…bm>, their sum and product are f + g = < a1…,an, b1, …, bm> and f × g =
The primary purpose of this paper is to introduce the, 2- coprobabilistic normed space, coprobabilistic dual space of 2- coprobabilistic normed space and give some facts that are related of them
Television white spaces (TVWSs) refer to the unused part of the spectrum under the very high frequency (VHF) and ultra-high frequency (UHF) bands. TVWS are frequencies under licenced primary users (PUs) that are not being used and are available for secondary users (SUs). There are several ways of implementing TVWS in communications, one of which is the use of TVWS database (TVWSDB). The primary purpose of TVWSDB is to protect PUs from interference with SUs. There are several geolocation databases available for this purpose. However, it is unclear if those databases have the prediction feature that gives TVWSDB the capability of decreasing the number of inquiries from SUs. With this in mind, the authors present a reinforcement learning-ba
... Show MoreThis paper deals with the F-compact operator defined on probabilistic Hilbert space and gives some of its main properties.
Most of the propositions, after the Arabic letter reached a position of integrity and proficiency, the calligrapher turned to the production of calligraphic formations in various aesthetic and expressive forms, investing the spiritual energies in what these calligraphic compositions show in artistic paintings. It carries a lot of meanings that are embodied in linear formations, and in order to reach these expressions and know the effective positions of space, this research is concerned with studying these technical treatments. The first chapter included the research problem, which included a question about the effectiveness of space in the linear painting, the importance of research and the temporal and spatial boundaries. As for the s
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Abstract: Narrow laser pulses have been essential sources in optical communication system. High data rate optical communication network system demands compressed laser source with unique optical property. In this work using pulsed duration (9) ns, peak power 1.2297mW, full width half maximum (FWHM) 286 pm, and wavelength center 1546.7 nm as compression laser source. Mach Zehnder interferometer (MZI) is built by considering two ways. First, polarization maintaining fiber (PMF) with 10 cm length is used to connect between laser source and fiber brag grating analysis (FBGA). Second, Nested Mach Zehnder interferometer (NMZI) was designed by using three PMFs with 10 cm length. These three Fibers are splicing to sing
... Show MoreThis research aims at studying the websites of Iraqi ministries to determine the extent of the use of electronic communication in the practice of public relations' activities through these sites, which represent a formal means of communication between the ministry and its people.
The research consists of three chapters: chapter one studies the methodological framework of the research; chapter two includes three units: unit one studies technologies of electronic communication including its concept, features and types; unit two studies electronic publications i.e. its concept and features; and unit three deals with designing the electronic websites .it ends with chapter three which is divided into two sections: section one studies the