This study investigates the impact of incorporating carbon quantum dots (CQDs) into the SnO 2 electron transport layer (ETL) on the performance of all-inorganic CsPbBr 3 perovskite solar cells (PSCs). CQDs with abundant surface functional groups were synthesized hydrothermally and integrated into a low-temperature, solution-processed SnO 2 ETL at varying concentrations (0%, 2% and 4%). Comprehensive characterization revealed that the SnO 2 : CQDs composite films exhibited enhanced optical absorption, a reduced optical bandgap and improved film morphology with superior homogeneity and reduced pinholes. While XRD analysis confirmed that the CQDs did not alter the crystalline structure of SnO 2 , electrical characterization demonstrated a significant boost in device performance. The champion device utilizing the SnO 2 : CQDs (4%) ETL achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.41%, representing an 11.9% enhancement over the control device with pristine SnO 2 (8.41%). This improvement is attributed to superior charge extraction, reduced interfacial recombination and optimized energy level alignment. This work underscores the efficacy of CQDs as a simple yet powerful interfacial modifier for advancing high-performance, inorganic PSCs.
Highway network could be considered as a function of the developmental level of the region, that it is representing the sensitive nerve of the economic activity and the corner stone for the implementation of development plans and developing the spatial structure. The main theme of this thesis is to show the characteristics of the regional highway network of Anbar and to determine the most important effective spatial characteristics and the dimension of that effect negatively or positively. Further this thesis tries to draw an imagination for the connection between highway network as a spatial phenomenon and the surrounded natural and human variables within the spatial structure of the region. This thesis aiming also to determine the natu
... Show MoreThe current research aims to build a training program for chemistry teachers based on the knowledge economy and its impact on the productive thinking of their students. To achieve the objectives of the research, the following hypothesis was formulated:
There is no statistically significant difference at (0.05) level of significance between the average grades of the students participating in the training program according to the knowledge economy and the average grades of the students who did not participate in the training program in the test of productive thinking. The study sample consisted of (288) second intermediate grade students divided into (152) for the control group
... Show MoreThis study aims to identify the impact of using the infrastructure of the Information Technology (IT) on the performance of human resources in the public universities. This process is done by doing research in the size, quality, and efficiency of the performance, also speed of achievement and simplification of procedures. Diyala University was chosen for the diagnosis through the opinions and attitudes of its employees. Consequently, suggestions that contribute to improve the performance of the employees and thus its overall performance are obtained. Another objective of this study is identifying the human resources which are currently used in academic institutions and educational services systems because the significant role of th
... Show MoreThe aim of this research is to identify the extent to which the Conventional and Islamic banks are committed to implement the requirements of the corporate governance in its financial reports. In addition to its commitment to transparency and clarity in dealing with the shareholders and stockholders to protect their interests and to determine the impact of the commitment of the corporate governance on assessing the financial performance of the conventional and Islamic banks that participate in Bahrain Stock Exchange.
This contribution evaluates the influence of Cr doping on the ground state properties of SrTiO3 Perovskite using GGA-PBE approximation. Results of the simulated model infer agreement with the previously published literature. The modification of electronic structure and optical properties due to Cr3+ doping levels in SrTiO3 has been investigated. Structural parameters infer that Cr3+ doping alters the electronic structures of SrTiO3 by shifting the conduction band through lower energies for the Sr and Ti sites. Substituting Ti site by Cr3+ results the energy gap in being eliminated revealing a new electrical case of conducting material for the system. Furthermore, it has been noticed that Cr doping either at Sr or Ti positions could effectiv
... Show MoreThe influence of Cr3+ doping on the ground state properties of SrTiO3 perovskite was evaluated using GGA-PBE approximation. Computational modeling results infered an agreement with the previously published literature. The modification of electronic structure and optical properties due to Cr3+ introducing into SrTiO3 were investigated. Structural parameters assumed that Cr3+ doping alters the electronic structures of SrTiO3 by shifting the conduction band through lower energies for the Sr and Ti sites. Besides, results showed that the band gap was reduced by approximately 50% when presenting one Cr3+ atom into the SrTiO3 system and particularly positioned at Sr sites. Interestingly, substituting Ti site by Cr3+ led to eliminating the band ga
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Diyala River is one of the important rivers that provide water for the Governorate of Diyala. In this research, the morphology and sediment transport of this river were studied using HEC-Ras software. The selected length of the river in the present study is 193 km and extended from Diyala Weir to the confluence of Tigris River and Diyala River. The fieldwork period extended from June 2020 till August 2020, where suspended-load and bed-load samples were collected and surveyed some cross-sections. The one-dimensional sediment transport model has been calibrated for five years, from 2014 to 2019. The results were compared with the measured cross-sections in 2019, and the suitable value of (maximum depth
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