Ionic liquids (ILs) have been recognized for their potential as environmentally friendly solvents when compared to traditional organic solvents. Additionally, their function goes beyond that of solvents, and cocatalysts, as they frequently act as stabilizing agents and ligands for the metal-active species and intermediates in catalytic systems. This comprehensive review primarily focuses on the application of Pd-incorporated ILs in catalyzing cross-coupling Suzuki reactions. The responses play a vital role in creating a wide range of structurally diverse and highly functionalized organic compounds, focusing specifically on nucleopalladation Suzuki coupling reactions. The review provides a detailed summary of the reaction conditions, stereoselectivity and regioselectivity, and the underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, it underscores crucial and characteristic illustrations, displaying the practical implementations of these coupling reactions. The aim of this review is to stimulate further research efforts, with the ultimate goal of expanding our understanding and utilization of ILs in various fields in the future.
Low back pain a major causes of morbidity throughout the world and it is a most debilitating condition ,and can lead to decreased physical function ,compromised quality of life, and psychological distress.
Obesity is nowadays a pandemic condition. Obese subjects are commonly characterized by musculoskeletal disorders and particularly by non-specific LBP. However, the relationship between obesity and LBP remain to date unsupported by objective measurements of mechanical behavior of spine and it is morphology in obese subjects. &nb
... Show MoreHS Saeed, SS Abdul-Jabbar, SG Mohammed, EA Abed, HS Ibrahem, Solid State Technology, 2020
Background: The transcriptional control of various cell types, especially in the development or functioning of immune system cells involved in either promoting or inhibiting the immune response against cancer, is significantly influenced by DNA or RNA methylation. Multifaceted interconnections exist between immunological or cancer cell populations in the tumor's microenvironment (TME). TME alters the fluctuating DNA (as well as RNA) methylation sequences in these immunological cells to change their development into pro- or anti-cancer cell categories (such as T cells, which are regulatory, for instance). Objective: This review highlights the impact of DNA and RNA methylation on myeloid and lymphoid cells, unraveling their intricate
... Show MoreThis paper aims to give an overview of acculturation in the literature by means of its explicit definitions, main characteristics, and categorical process. It also foreshadows the significance of acquiring novice culture with particular connection to second language acquisition. Schumann and John Berry underscored acculturation each with its own model of acculturation. In the case of this review, you will realize that Schumann's two main aspects are firmly rooted in berry's model of acculturation as an exclusive description in relation to second language acquisition. Steven Krashen outlined acquiring language from the intellectual and linguistic view of learning, whereas Micheal Long demanded for communication in social perspective. It has
... Show MoreThrust blocks and restraint joints are the two most popular methods of counteracting the thrust force that generated at pipe fittings (bends, Tee, wye, reducers, dead ends, etc…). Both systems perform the same function, which is to prevent the joints from separating from the pipes. The aim of the study is to review previous studies and scientific theories related to the study and design of thrust blocks and restraint joints to study the behavior of both systems under thrust force and to study the factors and variables that affect the behavior of these systems. The behavior of both systems must be studied because they cannot be abandoned, as each system has conditions whose use is more feasible, scientific, and economic
... Show MoreAbsence or hypoplasia of the internal carotid artery (ICA) is a rare congenital anomaly that is mostly unilateral and highly associated with other intracranial vascular anomalies, of which saccular aneurysm is the most common. Blood flow to the circulation of the affected side is maintained by collateral pathways, some of which include the anterior communicating artery (Acom) as part of their anatomy. Therefore, temporary clipping during microsurgery on Acom aneurysms in patients with unilateral ICA anomalies could jeopardize these collaterals and place the patient at risk of ischemic damage. In this paper, we review the literature on cases with a unilaterally absent ICA associa