Breach of the promise to contract and the penalty resulting from this breach is one of the important topics that occupied a wide space of interest in civil law jurisprudence when studying the subject of the promise to contract, and this importance did not disappear from the mind of the judiciary, so it was present in its decisions. This importance is due to the specificity of the promise to contract, despite being a contract Like other contracts, the breach of it is characterized by a special nature, as it may take place before the stage of expressing the desire on the part of the one who is promised, and it may be after expressing that desire. Based on this importance, the penalty for breaching the contract promise will be the su

من المفاهٌم المستحدثة التًي جاء بها مرسوم تعدٌيل القانون المدنً الفرنسًي رقم 131-2016 والصادر فًي شباط/ 2016 ،والتًي اثارت جدلا فقهٌيا سواء على مستوى الفقه الفرنسًي او العربًي، مفهوم (مضمون العقد) الذي حل كما ٌيبدو من ظاهر المواد القانونٌة المستحدثة محل ركنًي السبب والمحل فً العقد، وهما الركنان اللذان شكلا وعلى مدى مائتي عام ونيف احدى المرتكزات الاساسٌة فً تقنٌين نابلٌون. فهل ان مرسوم التعدٌيل قد تخلى بالفعل عن هذ

بعد مائتي عام ونيف على اصدار تقنين نابليون Code Napoléon)) عام 1804، والذي يعد مصدر الهامٍ للكثير من التشريعات المدنية سواء على مستوى الوطن العربي او العالم، شهد هذا التقنين اوسع عملية تعديل عام 2016 بصدور المرسوم التشريعي رقم 131-2016، والذي تضمن اشارات الى العديد من المفاهيم والالفاظ المستحدثة من قبيل (الواجب الاخلاقي، عقود الاطار، مضمون العقد، مدة العقد)، فضلا عن التوسع او الحذف او التنقيح الذي شمل بعض المفاهيم التي كان

The Contracts must be executed according to their content. Therefore, the parties must fulfill their obligations as stipulated in the contract content. If one of them Do not execute his obligations, his contractual responsibility is to breach the contractual content of his contract.

This principle does not differ in law, but the difference lies in what is wrong or not, as well as different ways to address this breach.

The breach is not limited to the failure of the parties to fulfill the obligations under the contract, but the description of the breach applies to the cases of non-implementation of obligations not mentioned in the contract - secondary obligations - and the liability is also contractual, by virtue of chargi

Judges perform many acts in the exercise of their function and issue many judicial rulings, judicial decisions, in addition to judicial orders; Accordingly, judicial decisions differ from judicial decisions, and both differ from judicial orders. Although judicial rulings and judicial orders are clear and their nature can be accurately identified, defining judicial decisions, especially those added by the legislator in the UAE under Federal Decree Law No. 15 of 2021, is not that easy. In the aforementioned decree-law, the Emirati legislator added the word (Decision) with each word (Ruling) in most of the legal texts subject to amendment under this decree.

Judicial decisions issued by judges during the exercise of their functions a

Negotiations in administrative contracts represent an important preparatory stage in which discussions and discussions between the administrative authority and the party wishing to contract with them will be held on one of the issues related to the contract to be concluded whereby the different views of the parties of the contractual relationship are brought together to exchange or achieve common interests.

The importance  of negotiations in administrative contracts and their significant and effective role in protecting state funds. The inadequacy of Iraqi legislation in the development of an integrated legal framework for this important phase, and the many problems that appear in this stage before the conclusion of the cont

The exception of contract non-Performance represents an important mechanism in the implementation of obligations. It enables a contractor to refrain from implementing its obligation until the other party has fulfilled its obligations. It is a means of defense, pressure and guarantee of its rights. It is stipulated in articles 161 of the Egyptian Civil Code and Article 123 of the Civil Code While it was not provided for in the French Civil Code except after the issuance of Order No. 2016-131 on the reform of the system of contracts and public order and the establishment of obligations in articles 1217, 1219 and 1220 thereof. These texts, although they did not show the basis on which the exception of contract non-Performance, leaving this

بعض الملاحظات على القانون رقم 35 لسنة 2007 قانون العمل الصحفي في كوردستان

تقويم قواعد إدارة الشركات في ضوء قانون الشركات العراقي رقم 21 لسنة 1997،

This study is about the subject of exclusion of the application of foreign law as it violates the Islamic Sharia law in terms of Article (27) of the UAE Civil Transactions Law as amended in 2020, which before that date included all disputes involving a foreigner. According to the amendment referred to, the application of Islamic Sharia law shall be limited to civil transactions with the exclusion of personal status affairs.

The study concluded with many results, the most important of which is that the current text of Article (27) of the Civil Transactions Law as amended in 2020 is unable to explain what the judge may do in cases where the foreign law jurisdiction is referred to in one of the excluded texts, namely those related t