Nanostructural cupric oxide (CuO) films were prepared on Si and glass substrate by pulsed laser deposition technique (PLD) using laser Nd:YAG, using different laser pulses energies from 200 to 600 mJ. The X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) of the films showed a polycrystalline structure with a monoclinic symmetry and preferred orientation toward (111) plane with nano structure. The crystallite size was increasing with increasing of laser pulse energy. Optical properties was characterized by using UV–vis spectrometer in the wave lengthrange (200-1100) nm at room temperature. The results showed that the transmission spectrum decreases with the laser pulses energy increase. Sensitivity of NO2 gas at different operating temperatures, (50°C,

NiO0.99Cu0.01 films have been deposited using thermal evaporation
technique on glass substrates under vacuum 10-5mbar. The thickness
of the films was 220nm. The as -deposited films were annealed to
different annealing temperatures (373, 423, and 473) K under
vacuum 10-3mbar for 1 h. The structural properties of the films were
examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that no
clear diffraction peaks in the range 2θ= (20-50)o for the as deposited
films. On the other hand, by annealing the films to 423K in vacuum
for 1 h, a weak reflection peak attributable to cubic NiO was
detected. On heating the films at 473K for 1 h, this peak was
observed to be stronger. The most intense peak is at 2θ = 37

     Chromium oxide (Cr₂O₃) doped ZnO nanoparticles were prepared by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique at different concentration ratios (0, 3, 5, 7 and 9 wt %) of ZnO on glass substrate. The effects of ZnO dopant on the average crystallite size of the synthesized nanoparticles was examined By X-ray diffraction. The morphological features were detected using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The optical band gap value was observed to range between 2.78 to 2.50 eV by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, with longer wavelength shifted in comparison with that of the bulk Cr₂O₃ (~3eV). Gas sensitivity, response, and recovery times of the sensor in the presence of NH₃

       The effect of 0.66 µeV gamma radiation on the structural and optical properties of the CdTe thin films prepared by thermal evaporation at thickness 350nm, The samples were irradiated with time (50 h and 79h) at room temperature. The absorption spectra for all the samples were recorded using UV-VIS spectrometer in order to calculate the energy gap, refractive index and others parameter . The optical energy gap was found decrease from (1.9 to 1.67) eV. 

        The topic of the research revolves around constructivist theory, which is one of the most important theories that added weight to the theoretical and epistemological field of international relations. The constructivist theory studies international relations from a completely different side of theories by focusing on the social aspects of international relations, and by looking at international relations as social constructs. Ideas, cultures, norms, standards and language play a major role in their formation. The study also examines the state of the war on terrorism as it represents one of the most international cases in which its composition and composition coincide with constructive ideas and a

      The experiment was carried out with the aim of studying the effect of biological stress on some morphological parameters of ten varieties of potatoes grown in vitro. Biological stress was applied by adding different concentrations of fusaric acid (0, 0.0125, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 mM), to the growth medium MS, and some growth parameters were measured, such as plant height (cm), number of leaves (leaf/plant¹), leaf area (mm²), number of roots (root.plant¹) and length it (cm), wet and dry weight of the plant (g). The results showed that the studied varieties were different in the response to biological stress according to the studied parameters. The addition of fusaric acid led to reduce all growth parameters compared with the

Anchusa strigosa L.: Hardy annual biennial or perennial herb, with hairs especially on the leaves., flowers generally regular. Commonly named (Lisan Althour) in Iraq, from Boraginaceae family. The plant contains phenolic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols, and terpenoids. The Whole plant part defatted with n-hexane for 24 hours. The defatted plant material extracted using absolute methanol by Soxhlet apparatus for 24 hours, the extract fractionated by solvents of different polarity: petroleum ether- chloroform - ethylacetate- and n-butanol respectively. The n-butanol fraction hydrolyzed with 10% HCl for 5 hours by reflex to break down the glycosidic linkage. Rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, genistein, and silybin were isolated

Simple, sensitive and economical spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the determination of cefixime in pure form. This method is based on the reaction of cefixime as n-electron donor with chloranil to give highly colored complex in ethanol which is absorb maximally at 550 nm. Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration ranges 5-250 µg ml-1 with high apparent molar absorptivities of 1.52×103 L.mole-1. cm-1.

Adyertising sponsorship is one of the most prominent public activities, hich drives many public relations relations practitioners in companies to rely heavily on it in order to achieve positive results that contribute to the marketing of the brands of these sponsoring companies. The problem of Our research can be identified by the main question: What is the role of advertising sponsorship in brand marketing "The research aims to identify the role of sponsorship in brand marketing, and its role in attracting the public's attention to the products of the sponsors. As well as clarifying the role of the care method in the popularity of the products of the Sponsorship companies.