A precise evaluation of caries excavation endpoint is essential in clinical and laboratory investigations. Caries invasion differentiates dentin into structurally altered layers. This study assessed these changes using Raman spectroscopy and Vickers microhardness. Ten permanent molars with occlusal and proximal carious lesions were assessed and compared at 130 points utilizing four Raman spectroscopic peaks: phosphate v1 at 960 cm−1, amide I (1650 cm−1), amide III (1235 cm−1) and the C-H bond of the pyrrolidine ring (1450 cm−1). The phosphate-to-amide I peak ratio and collagen integrity peak ratio (amide III: C-H bond) of carious zones were calculated and compared in both lesions. The former ratio was correlated to 130 Vickers microhardness indentations through lesions. The caries-infected dentin (CID) exhibited low phosphate peak, but higher amide I, III and C-H bond peaks than other zones in both lesions. The peaks in amide regions (I and III) varied in occlusal versus proximal lesions. A high correlation was found between mineral: matrix peak ratio and equivalent microhardness number within carious lesions, while the collagen integrity peak ratio was applied in proximal lesions only. Raman spectroscopy detected changes in the mineral and matrix contents within different carious zones and regions.
Background: In recent years, the prevalence of obesity has climbed sharply. Still, only a few safe and effective medications are approved as weight-loss drugs. Objective: This study aims to assess the knowledge and practice of community pharmacists in Iraq regarding the use of Liraglutide and Semaglutide as weight-loss medications. Method: A cross-sectional survey was implemented using a validated questionnaire and a convenient sample of Iraqi community pharmacists from different governorates. The questionnaire was created after conducting a literature review of the most important articles about liraglutide and semaglutide. The questionnaire consists of three sections. The first part was used to collect demographic information. The second a
... Show MoreRenal failure is a disease of the kidney, in which the renal excretory function is failed to process due to depression of the GFR. Renal failure is divided into acute and chronic depending on the period of the disease. The study was designed to investigate the level of oxidative stress in RF patients. Seventy-five subjects had enrolled in the study, who divided into three groups equally, in which they are healthy control, ARF patients, and CRF patients. The results had shown a significant
This study was conducted to detect the relationship between organic content in the sediment of Rivers Tigris and Diyala, at two locations south of Baghdad, with some environmental factors and the benthic invertebrates and values of diversity indices. Monthly samples collected from the area for the period November 2007 to October 2008. Results showed differences in the physical and chemical characteristics of the two sites, Where the annual average in Tigris and Diyala were respectively for: water temperature (19, 20) C°, pH (8, 8), dissolved oxygen (4, 8) mg / l , Biochemical oxygen Demand BOD5 (3,44 ) mg/l, TDS (632,1585) mg / l, TSS (42, 44) mg / l, turbidity (28,74) NTU, and total hardness as CaCO3 (485,823) mg / l ,Sulfat
... Show MoreThis study aims to study some morphological and reproductional characteristics in eleven species of two genera belonging to the family of Asparagaceae, which are Bellevalia Lapeyrouse, 1808 and Ornithogalum Linnaeus, 1753 and the species are: Bellevalia chrisii Yildirim and Sahin, 2014; Bellevalia flexuosa Boissier, 1854; Bellevalia kurdistanica Feinbrun, 1940; Bellevalia longipes Post, 1895; Bellevalia macrobotrys Boissier, 1853; Bellevalia paradoxa Boissier, 1882; Bellevalia parva Wendelbo, 1973; Bellevalia saviczii Woronow, 1927; Ornithogalum brachystachys C. Koch, 1849; Ornithogalum neurostegium Boissier, 1882 and Ornithogalum pyrenaicum Linnaeus, 1753. These species were identified and compared with each other; the results showed th
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This study aimed to survey fungi associated with the product Indomie and Chips being the trades Iargely by a very important segment of society who are the children, beside consumed by adults, but less so, as the survey results to accompany some fungui samples sterile showed proportions presence included various fungi like. Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium Spp., Fusarium graminearum, F.moniliforme, Alternaria alternate and Rhizopus Spp., and other fungi sterile are not diagnosed. The results showed large dominion fungi A. niger by presence sterile samples of both producers, followed by infection in Fusarium Spp., Penicillium Spp., and A. alternata by infection percentage 55, 20 and 17% respectively for the pr
The new media scene reveals that the unprecedented overlap of a number of technical, economic, and political factors has made the new media a very complicated issue; and the focus of specialized and public debates about its impact on traditional means of communication and forms of social media and social relations. Then, the same scene discloses the reality of the relationship between the new and the traditional. These are the axes that will be will be discussed in this study.
Both religions have urged (honoring parents and kin) through the texts that came in their original sources, as honoring parents means showing respect to them In word and deed, and carrying in our hearts an appreciation for their status, and God commands to honor parents; Becausee this is Important in the eyes of God that he includeincludeed it in the Ten Commandmen.
The study aims to identify the bargaining differences between the governmental and private kindergarteners; the rivalry differences between the governmental and private kindergarteners; the rivalry and bargaining differences among private kindergarteners; and the rivalry and bargaining differences among governmental kindergarteners. The researchers had raised a question; is there any difference of rivalry and bargaining between governmental and private kindergarteners?. A total of (150) kindergarteners ranged from 5 to 6 years old, (90) student from governmental kindergarten and (60) student from private kindergarten, were selected as a sample of this study. Fifteen governmental and private kindergarten were chosen from al-rasafa directo
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