Pharmaceutical companies assign a budget for activities and promotions that aim to change the prescription habits of the physicians to choose the most suitable medications for their patients, which will eventually grow their sales. The study's objectives were to explore physicians' and medical representatives' perspectives on the criteria of impactful professional PP and the factors influencing the interaction between physicians and medical representatives. Qualitative in-depth interviews with flexible probing techniques were carried out in 2023. A semi-structured, open-ended interview questionnaire was used to interview physicians and medical representatives (MRs) from different private clinics in several governorates in Iraq. Ten physicians and ten MRs participated in this study. For physicians, pharmaceutical promotion was a beneficial profession. The number of patients in the clinic of patients and the obtained benefits of the medication were the most important factors interfering with physician acceptance of MR visits, and they usually refused the visit if the MR was from a new or unknown company. The majority requested to be updated about the advantages of the drug, the price, and recent studies about the medications. Regarding MR overviews, most MRs believed that PP enhanced the link between the physician and the patients. The scientific knowledge of the representative was the most important factor affecting the relationship between the physician and MR. For that, most MRs need the company to improve their scientific data about advertised medications and their communication skills. The nature of a company (brand or generic) was the most important factor that affected the decision to accept the visit by a physician. If the physician is busy or the company is new, this sometimes leads to the physician's rejection. Both the physicians and MRs acknowledged that MR could enhance physicians' knowledge of medications. However, some believe this role is limited to scientific MR rather than encompassing all MR. Finally, we can conclude that various factors and considerations may influence the nature of the physician-MR relationship. Some of these were associated with the company itself, which ought to have equipped MRs with proficient scientific expertise and effective communication skills. The increasing number of generic medications, the presence of numerous medical companies, and the inadequate training of MRs all contribute to the complexities of MR's job and potentially have a negative impact on the future of medical advertising.
In the present work, a kinetic study was performed to the extraction of phosphate from Iraqi Akashat phosphate ore using organic acid. Leaching was studied using lactic acid for the separation of calcareous materials (mainly calcite). Reaction conditions were 2% by weight acid concentration and 5ml/gm of acid volume to ore weight ratio. Reaction time was taken in the range 2 to 30 minutes (step 2 minutes) to determine the reaction rate constant k based on the change in calcite concentration. To determine value of activation energy when reaction temperature is varied from 25 to 65 , another investigation was accomplished. Through the kinetic data, it was found that selective leaching was controlled by surface chemical reactio
... Show MoreAbstract The surface of kaolin was diagnosed by an AFM and the results were shown The height of the highest peak reached by a quantity of Kaolin surface is 2.5 µm, the granules, and their diameter with an average diameter of 666.1nm. Using Kaolin's adsorption properties, erythrosine was removed of its aqueous solution. It was determined that the maximal dye adsorption ranged 36.53–40.61%. The results of using the Freundlich, Langmuir, and Temkin adsorption isotherms revealed that at temperatures of (298,308,318) K, the Freundlich model was followed, the Langmuir model did not match, and the Temkin model could only be partially applied. There is also physical adsorption. One of the three kinetic models of the
... Show MoreIn the present work, a kinetic study was performed to the extraction of phosphate from Iraqi Akashat phosphate ore using organic acid. Leaching was studied using lactic acid for the separation of calcareous materials (mainly calcite). Reaction conditions were 2% by weight acid concentration and 5ml/gm of acid volume to ore weight ratio. Reaction time was taken in the range 2 to 30 minutes (step 2 minutes) to determine the reaction rate constant k based on the change in calcite concentration. To determine value of activation energy when reaction temperature is varied from 25 to 65 , another investigation was accomplished. Through the kinetic data, it was found that selective leaching was controlled by
... Show MoreThe official spokesperson considered responsible for the transmission of information and communication messages that convey the government’s view on the various political and economic issues that affect the public opinion towards the performance achieved by the various governmental institutions and for the purpose of communicating with the media in a positive and effective manner, a number of institutions in the world in general and in Iraq in particular have nominated a spokesman to coordinate the efforts and the dissemination of news and the preparation of press conferences to contribute to the achievement of a positive and effective level between the government and the media, so this study has tackled to deal with the credibility of
... Show MoreHuman behavior is one of the topics that has captured the attention of researchers throughout the ages, and motivation is one of the manifestations of this behavior, which indicates the extent of interest in a particular topic and their unwillingness to rush towards a particular topic. The topic of motivation is one of the important topics of interest to the teacher and coach in the field of sports. The aim of this research was identifying the level of motivation for junior students, and the differences in the dimensions of motivation for junior students in squash lessons. We used the descriptive survey method, and the research sample was chosen randomly. Only male of the junior students in the College of Phys
... Show MoreMethotrexate (MTX) is one of the most effective medications to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Aserum of 60 Iraqi male patients suffering from RA as (G1) was newly diagnosis and the same patient in G1 after taking MTX as G2 and 40 Iraqi male healthy control as G3. Nesfatin-1 (Nf-1) is belong to the adipokine family withpleiotropic effect. Nf-1 has been found in different tissues, including stomach, pancreas, bone cells, cartilage and heart. Retinol binding protein (RBP4) was known as transpoter of retinol from its storage sites in the liver to the extrahepatic tissues. Moreover, RBP4 acts as adipokine and contributes in the pathophsyology of prototypic inflammatory disease, rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The results showed a significant increas
... Show MoreBackground: Obesity tends to appear in modern societies and constitutes a significant public health problem with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Objective: This study aims to determine the agreement between actual and perceived body image in the general population.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was conducted with a sample size of 300. The data were collected from eight major populated areas of Northern district of Karachi Sindh with a period of six months (10th January 2020 to 21st June 2020). The Figure rating questionnaire scale (FRS) was applied to collect the demographic data and perception about body weight. Body mass index (BMI) used for ass
... Show MoreResearching the effects of the research and technological development contract, determining its extent and demarcating the boundaries of the obligations imposed in it, is the cornerstone of economic growth and development, because defining these obligations removes the ambiguity and conflict between interests, by stating the rights owed to each party and even trying to reconcile them, or impose protection by specifying guarantees that are compatible with the essence of the R&D contract, For the purpose of studying the subject thoroughly, we will divide this research into two sections. The first is devoted to identifying the parties to the research and technological development contract. As for the other topic, we will explain the obligation
... Show MoreTraditionally, style is defined as the expressive, emotive or aesthetic emphasis added linguistically to the discourse with its meaning is the same. In the current study, however, style is defined as the linguistic choice that the language users can make for specific purposes.
This study, thus, aims at analyzing political Arabic and English speeches to find out whether there are differences of style between English and Arabic and whether the choices the language users make can show any traits of their psychological status.
To fulfill the above aims, the study hypothesizes that English and Arabic speeches can be analyzed stylistically and that there are stylistic difference
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