The effectiveness and quality of legislation depends on the extent to which they respond to the political, social, economic and moral reality. The quality of the legislation is not limited to professional drafting, accuracy, clarity, comprehensiveness, accessibility and understanding, but also depends on the reality of this legislation and its acceptance and application by those who are addressed to them. Therefore, any shortage or deficiency in these legislations would make these laws separate from the reality and enter into the circle of legislative alienation. In this study, we tried to focus on the social effects of the legislator's failure to organize all the necessary aspects of the effectiveness of rights or liberties subject of o

The spread of the Corona virus (COVID-19) has led to the use of public authorities to take a range of preventive measures and preventive measures to reduce and combat its prevalence. Adapt to the new position and reduce the spread of the epidemic, and the most important measures taken by the Sonato authorities are closing of some commercial activities, disrupting transport, domestic and social quarantine , and asylum to the partial option for public utilities.

Public property has been very important because the function of the state is not limited to traditional jobs, but extends to all aspects of activities to provide services to the public, with the attendant use of public property and the need to maintain it as the basis for such activities.

The legislation concerned the Public property and its protection. Starting with the Constitution, which is the highest legal rules in the state as well as general laws administrative decisions.

This study aims to shed light on the concept of legislative reforms and its effects on legislation that protects the Public property, which is a precise legislative process that needs to be examined because it does not always aim at evaluating the

The contracts in restraint of trade are considered as void contracts according to the English common law, that is to say, they are prima facie void. Because their voidness is presumed and based upon a rebuttable presumption that these contracts are contrary to the public policy in principle. Owing to the unreasonableness of the  Restraint of Trade conditions or terms in which they are included. But if it is proved that they satisfy the requirements of reasonableness, in accordance with the contracting parties, and both the temporal and spatial extent of their coming into effect, as well as the public interest. The court will validate them. It is also worth-bearing in mind that this type of contracts fall under contracts void at comm

The Gift is considered as a legal voluntary non-contractual transaction or disposition to transfer the granted property from the donor to donee  gratuitously or without consideration. It is also worth-bearing in mind that the want of the requirement of consideration is the reason that the gift is not classified within the scope of the contract. And it is normally classified into two types: The inter vivos gift  and gift causa mortis. It should also be noted that the donatio (or gift) inter vivos is applied to both the personal property or chattels and real property equally. As opposed to the gift causa mortis, which is applied to the personal property or chattels rather than the real property. Whereas both the Iraqi Civil Law N

The Corona pandemic is a virus that affects both humans and animals that was discovered in China in (2019) and then spread to the rest of the world in late (2019) And as an attempt to control it, several restrictions were imposed, and these restrictions would paralyze the global economy, including the Iraqi economy, as it resulted in a state of financial and tax stagnation in particular, as Corona affected the volume of tax revenue, causing a severe and noticeable decrease in the volume of revenue in the year (2021). No measures were taken that would restore the balance to the level of tax revenue. No new exemptions were reported, and no new tax bases were taken . 

Quasi-contract is considered as one of the well-established legal systems of the English Common law of customary origins, which is unwritten and based upon judicial precedents of the English courts. It is worth-bearing in mind that the legal basis of quasi-contract passed into two different stages: in the first stage the English judicature, supported by some juristic opinions regarded it as an implied Contract made by courts to prevent one party from being unjustly enriched at the expense of the other. Whereas in the second stage the English judicature considered it as an independent source of obligation، based upon the law of restitution. and having nothing to do with the law of contract. The Iraqi civil law No. (40) of 1951 regulated

The economic tortious liability in the English law is based upon economic Torts are considered as a type of the ancient and deep-rooted torts, aiming at breaching the rules of legal and equitable trade competition. and which are included in the customary English law of torts, based upon the judicial precedents decided by English courts. It is worth-bearing in mind that the economic torts are classified into two main types.  That is to say, the general economic torts and the misrepresentation economic torts. Whereas the Iraqi legislator left the regulation of the illegal competition to the general rules of the delictual liability in the Iraqi civil law No. (40) of 1951.