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Analyzing and Measuring the Relationship between Public Spending and the Parallel Exchange Rate in the Iraqi Economy for the Period 2004-2022
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Public spending represents the government’s financial leverage and has a significant impact on real and monetary economic variables, and one of these effects is the effect of public spending on the exchange rate as an important monetary variable for monetary policy, As we know that public spending in Iraq is financed from oil revenues sold in US dollars, and the Ministry of Finance converts the US dollar into Iraqi dinars to finance the government's need to spend within the requirements and obligations of the state's general budget, And converting the US dollar into Iraqi dinars has an impact on the parallel exchange market, even if there is a contractual exchange rate between the Ministry of Finance and the Central Bank of Iraq to convert the budget dollar into Iraqi dinars. However, the impact of public spending on reserves makes financial shocks have a significant impact on the exchange rate. The researcher believes that there is a reciprocal relationship between the effect of public spending on the exchange rate and the impact of the exchange rate on public spending because the conversion compass between the dollar and the dinar leaves great effects on public spending in the state’s general budget, and this is what the researcher achieved by using modern standard software to discover the nature of the relationship between public spending and the price of Exchange in the parallel market with realistic monthly data taken from the official website of the Central Bank of Iraq.

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Publication Date
Thu Oct 01 2009
Journal Name
Renewable Energy
The characteristics of anisotype CdS/CdTe heterojunction
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Publication Date
Thu Jan 01 2015
Journal Name
Algebra Letters
THE GRAPH OF A COMMUTATIVE KU-ALGEBRA
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In This paper, we introduce the associated graphs of commutative KU-algebra. Firstly, we define the KU-graph which is determined by all the elements of commutative KU-algebra as vertices. Secondly, the graph of equivalence classes of commutative KU-algebra is studied and several examples are presented. Also, by using the definition of graph folding, we prove that the graph of equivalence classes and the graph folding of commutative KU-algebra are the same, where the graph is complete bipartite graph.

Publication Date
Tue Dec 15 2015
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Laser
The Optical Limiting of Prepared Palladium Nanoparticles
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Palladium nanoparticles are produced by Polyol method. The characterization of the Pd nanoparticle has been conducted by various techniques such as SEM and AFM. The results of Pd powder showed that the particle size is directly proportional to the temperature and the reaction time. The optimum conditions for obtaining minimum nanoparticles size are 45 oC reaction temperature and 60 min reaction time and the smaller particle size achieved is equal to 25 nm. The optical limiting of smaller size nanoparticles has been studied. The palladium nanoparticles appear to be attractive candidates for optical limiting applications.

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Publication Date
Mon May 11 2020
Journal Name
Journal Of Arts, Literature, Humanities And Social Sciences
The Kite Runner; A Journey of Growth
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Publication Date
Wed Jan 01 2020
Journal Name
Opción
Mass customization under the internet of things
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Mass customization under the internet of things

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Publication Date
Sat Apr 07 2018
Journal Name
Научный форум: Филология, искусствоведение и культурология: сб. ст. по материалам Xiv междунар. науч.- практ. конф. – No 3(14). – М.:
LANGUAGE GLOBALIZATION OR THE LANGUAGE OF GLOBALIZATION
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Language is an instrument, a tool of culture and a way of communication between the past and the present. No one can know the treasure of human thought and experience in the fields of history, poetry and prose without language as an instrument of communication between cultures and peoples. Language under this description faces many problems, the most important of which is linguistic globalization, which means the flow rate of the strongest language, which has elements of power, domination and control over other languages. In this article, we consider linguistic globalization as a serious problem faced by every language, and we consider its main shortcomings and advantages and its impact on the language and ways of protecting the Arabic lang

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Publication Date
Wed Jan 30 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Education For Women
The Geomorphological Development of Badra Alluvial Fan
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The geomorphological importance of studying the alluvial fan derives from the fact that
in enables us to know the Origin and development of such a phenomenon which cover a vast
area in different regions.
This study tackles the geomorphological development of Badra alluvial fan through
knowing the factors of its origin, development, form and their present area, by using the
climate hydrological In formation besides using topographic Maps and changes detection for
different years (1973 - 2013) from satellite images

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Publication Date
Wed Mar 10 2021
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
About the construction of fuzzy inner product
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In this research for each positive integer integer and is accompanied by connecting that number with the number of Bashz Attabq result any two functions midwives to derive a positive integer so that there is a point

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Publication Date
Mon Aug 18 2025
Journal Name
Journal Of The Iraqi University
The legal system of Administrative BOT Contracts
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Publication Date
Fri Jan 01 2021
Journal Name
Lecture Notes In Networks And Systems
Evaluating the Efficiency of Regional Transport Network
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