This work focuses on the preparation of pure nanocrystalline SnO2 and SnO2:Cu thin films on cleaned glass substrates utilizing a sol-gel spin coating and chemical bath deposition (CBD) procedures. The primary aim of this study is to investigate the possible use of these thin films in the context of gas sensor applications. The films underwent annealing in an air environment at a temperature of 500 ◦C for duration of 60 minutes. The thickness of the film that was deposited may be estimated to be around 300 nm. The investigation included an examination of the structural, optical, electrical, and sensing characteristics, which were explored across various preparation circumstances, specifically focusing on varied concentrations of Cu-doping (2, 4, and 6 wt.%). The deposited films were analyzed by several techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and optical absorption spectroscopy. The films generated by the spin coating method had a tetragonal rutile structure, while the films created via the chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique displayed both tetragonal rutile and orthorhombic structures. The spin coating technique was used to make films of several weight percentages (0, 2, 4, and 6 wt.%). The resulting crystallite sizes were examined and found to be 23 nm, 18 nm, 14 nm, and 10.5 nm, respectively. Similarly, films made using the chemical bath deposition (CBD) method exhibited crystallite sizes of 22, 13.9, 9.3, and 8.15 nm, respectively. The obtained findings from atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses indicate a consistent trend whereby, as the concentration of Cu-doped material rises, there is a decrease in the average grain size. The transmittance and absorbance spectra were examined within the wavelength range of 300 to 1000 nm. The films generated by both approaches exhibit a significant level of light transmission throughout the visible spectrum. The bandgap energy of spin coating and CBD films decreases with increasing Cu-doped concentrations; the values were (3.88, 3.8, 3.68, and 3.63) eV and (3.8, 3.78, 3.66, and 3.55) eV, respectively. The electrical characteristics of the films include direct current (DC) electrical conductivity, which indicates the presence of two activation energies, Ea1 and Ea2. These activation energies exhibit an upward trend when the concentration of Cu doping is increased. The films were examined for their ability to detect carbon monoxide (CO) gas at a concentration of about 50 ppm at normal room temperature conditions. The sensitivity of the films to carbon monoxide (CO) gas was assessed at various time intervals and temperatures. The results indicated that the film generated using spin coating exhibited a notably high sensitivity at a temperature of 200 °C, while the film prepared using the chemical bath deposition (CBD) approach had heightened sensitivity at a temperature of 150 °C. Keywords: Spin coating, SnO2 thin films, CBD, AFM, XRD, gas sensor.
The air flow pattern in a co-current pilot plant spray dryer fitted with a rotary disk atomizer was determined experimentally and modelled numerically using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) (ANSYS Fluent ) software. The CFD simulation used a three dimensions system, Reynolds-Average Navier-Stokes equations (RANS), closed via the RNG k −ε turbulence model. Measurements were carried out at a rotation of the atomizer (3000 rpm) and when there is no rotation using a drying air at 25 oC and air velocity at the inlet of 5 m/s without swirl. The air flow pattern was predicted experimentally using cotton tufts and digital anemometer. The CFD simulation predicted a downward central flowing air core surrounded by a slow
... Show MoreThe dependence of the energy losses or the stopping power for the ion contribution in D- T hot plasma fuels upon the corresponding energies and the related penetrating factorare arrive by using by a theoretical approximation models. In this work we reach a compatible agreement between our results and the corresponding experimental results.
Case Report.
To present a case of a previous complicated mandibular orthognathic surgery that aimed to setback the mandible in a female cleft lip and palate (CLP) patient, which led to bone necrosis on one side with subsequent severe mandibular deviation and facial asymmetry. We additionally reviewed the previous reports of similar complications, the pathophysiology and the factors that could lead to this dreadful result.
A 27-year-old female patient presented with a severe dentofacial deformity secondary to a complicated bilateral sagittal spli
Thyroid carcinoma incidence is increasing year after year and ranking second among top ten cancers in Iraq, especially among women, and this increased the requirement for the improvement of the molecular detection accuracy because of its potential role in the early detection. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs1136410, A>G and rs1805414, A>G) in PARP1 gene were found to be associated with thyroid carcinoma risk in several genome wide association studies, therefore, this is a case-control study that was carried out to identify whether these polym
... Show MoreThis paper deals with two preys and stage-structured predator model with anti-predator behavior. Sufficient conditions that ensure the appearance of local and Hopf bifurcation of the system have been achieved, and it’s observed that near the free predator, the free second prey and the free first prey equilibrium points there are transcritical or pitchfork and no saddle node. While near the coexistence equilibrium point there is transcritical, pitchfork and saddle node bifurcation. For the Hopf bifurcation near the coexistence equilibrium point have been studied. Further, numerical analysis has been used to validate the main results.
In this study, Staphylococcus aureus was found to be the causative agent of furunculosis in 64 (27.5%) out of 233 Iraqi patients presented with furunculosis. 16SrRNA gene was located in all isolates. Nevertheless, mecA and lukS-lukF genes were located in 60% and 4% of S. aureus isolates, respectively. Interestingly, the lukS-lukF carrying S. aureus isolates were mecA positive as well.