Objective: The present study was aimed to develop a pH-triggered in situ gel for local release of lidocaine hydrochloride (lidocaine HCL) in the buccal cavity to improve the anesthetic effect of this amino amide drug which has very high water solubility. The formulations were introduced to the oral cavity as a spray to improve compliance and for easier administration.Methods: In this work, two grades of carbopol (934 and 940)-based in situ gel spray were designed. The formulations containing lidocaine HCl 5% were prepared by mixing different concentrations of carbopol with xanthan gum. Eight formulations were investigated and evaluated for gelation capacity, spray angle, volume of solution delivered per each actuation, rheological properties, and release kinetic model. Similarity factor (f2) was used for the comparison of dissolution profiles.Results: The prepared formulations undergo gelation after it had been actuated to the buccal cavity as a spray solution. The results showed that, as the concentration of polymer was increased, the release of drug decreased and the viscosity increased for both grades. The spray angle and volume of solution delivered per each actuation varied according to the composition of each formulation. The in situ gel containing 0.3% carbopol 934 and 0.2% xanthan gum regarded as a better candidate which had a good gelation and release property compared to other formulations. Drug release from optimized in situ gel spray followed Korsmeyer–Peppas model and was mediated by Fickian diffusion mechanism.Conclusion: Lidocaine HCl-loaded pH-sensitive in situ gel was successfully developed using carbopol 934 as polymer to be applied to the buccal cavity as spray solution for more effective anesthetic effect and painless treatment.
The aim of study is to identify the histological changes in ovaries of the albino mice exposed to silver nanoparticles. Sixty adult females were collected and exposures by 4000 p.p.m. and 50-150 nm in size, Females were divided into 3treated groups. The concentration dosage was (1, 1.5 and 2) p.p.m. of silver nanoparticles for 7, 14 and 21 days as exposure periods as well as control group which treated by normal saline. Treated groups appeared different histopathological changes, it is depending on the concentration of silver nanoparticles and the period of exposure. These changes were included congestion in the blood vessels, hemorrhage, hyaline degeneration, fatty degeneration, pyknosis, necrosis as well as fusion of cells in follicula
... Show MorePortland cement is considered the most involved product in environmental pollution. It is responsible for about 10% of global CO2 emissions [1]. Limestone dust is a by-product of limestone plants and it is produced in thousands of tons annually as waste material. To fulfill sustainability requirements, concrete production is recommended to reduce Portland cement usage with the use of alternative or waste materials. The production of sustainable high strength concrete by using nanomaterials is one of the aims of this study. Limestone dust in 12, 16, and 20% by weight of cement replaced cement in this study. The study was divided into two parts: the first was devoted to the investigation of the best percentage of replacement of waste
... Show MoreSpecial exercises in individual games are an important pillar in learning their basic skills. The aim of the research is to prepare special exercises using tools and their effect on learning the skill of landing with Salto backward tucked to stand - knowing the effect of special exercises using tools and their effect on learning the skill of landing with Salto backward tucked to stand on the horizontal bar. Either the research assumes the existence of significant differences in the pre- and post-tests in learning the skill of landing with Salto backward tucked to stand on the horizontal bar in favor of the post-test. The researchers used the experimental method with a single sample design to suit the research problem, as the researc
... Show MoreAn investigation was conducted for the determination of the effects of the forming conditions in the production of Gamma Alumina catalyst support on the crushing strength property. Eight variables were studied , they are ;binder content which is the sodium silicate , Solvent content which is the water, speed of mixing , time of mixing, drying temperature , drying time , calcinations temperature and the calcinations time
Design of the experiments was made by using the response Surface method in Minitab 15 software which supply us 90 experiments .
The results of this investigation show that the crushing strength for the dried Gamma alumina extrudate was affected by the drying temperature and the drying time only and there is no inter
The research aims to study the marketing costs in its various items, which are important costs as it specializes in tunnels on the marketing side through which the company's services are introduced to ensure that these services reach as many segments of society as possible, which serves the company's objectives and expand its business and increase its market share. As well as the definition of profitability and its relation to marketing costs in the portfolios of the national insurance company. The research hypothesis was formulated to study and analyze the relationship and impact between the marketing costs and profitability of the research sample company. The research sample was determined by the National General Insurance Comp
... Show MoreThe objective of the research is to identify the effect of the five-finger strategy on the holistic thinking of chemistry students in the second intermediate grade, where the sample consisted of 60 female students in a second classfrom one of the intermediate schools in Baghdad city, divided into two groups: control and experimental. The experimental design was based on the partial control; the scientific course was defined in the third and fourth chapters of the science book of the second intermediate grade.The two research tools were prepared: the attainment test with the scientific course and the holistic thinking scale paragraph (36) of multiple-choice pre- and posttest. The results showed a statistically significant difference between
... Show MoreFinancial Reporting Quality (FRQ) is one of the important topics in the financial management, it has the impact on the users decisions, it also effect on many other variables i.e dividend, therefore. This paper aims to provide a diameter of Financial Reporting Quality (FRQ) level for the companies listed on the Iraqi Stock Exchange. It also tries to show the FRQ effects on the dividend policy. The study sample was 13 listed companies in the Iraqi Stock Exchange for the period from 2007 to 2011. Kothari et al. 2005 model has been used to measure the FRQ, on the other hand the common stock share of the dividend was used to measure the dividend.
Many conclusions have been driven by the research
... Show MoreIn spite of the disappearing of a clear uniform textbook for teaching ESP at different departments and different colleges in both scientific and humanistic studies, the practitioners at those departments and colleges have to teach translation as one of the important requirements to pass the English language exam. The lack of defined translation activities is a noticeable problem therefore; the problem of teaching translation is diagnosed in that the students lack the ability to comprehend the text in English language and other translation knowledge and skills.
The study aims to suggest a translation strategy and then find out the effect of the translation strategy on ESP learners’ achievement in translation. A sample of 50 stud
... Show MoreObjective: Dental caries is a chronic infectious disease that is prevalent worldwide in all age groups. Numerous attempts have been made to develop conservative approaches to halt caries progression and restore enamel defects. This study aimed to investigate the effect of applying grape seed extract and chicken eggshell extract on the microhardness of demineralized enamel in permanent teeth. Methods: Forty-eight sound upper first premolars were used. Following demineralization with the demineralizing solution for 96 hours, they were distributed into four groups consistent with the treatment agent used: group A was treated with casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate (as a control group), group B was treated with grape se
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