Objective: The present study was aimed to develop a pH-triggered in situ gel for local release of lidocaine hydrochloride (lidocaine HCL) in the buccal cavity to improve the anesthetic effect of this amino amide drug which has very high water solubility. The formulations were introduced to the oral cavity as a spray to improve compliance and for easier administration.Methods: In this work, two grades of carbopol (934 and 940)-based in situ gel spray were designed. The formulations containing lidocaine HCl 5% were prepared by mixing different concentrations of carbopol with xanthan gum. Eight formulations were investigated and evaluated for gelation capacity, spray angle, volume of solution delivered per each actuation, rheological properties, and release kinetic model. Similarity factor (f2) was used for the comparison of dissolution profiles.Results: The prepared formulations undergo gelation after it had been actuated to the buccal cavity as a spray solution. The results showed that, as the concentration of polymer was increased, the release of drug decreased and the viscosity increased for both grades. The spray angle and volume of solution delivered per each actuation varied according to the composition of each formulation. The in situ gel containing 0.3% carbopol 934 and 0.2% xanthan gum regarded as a better candidate which had a good gelation and release property compared to other formulations. Drug release from optimized in situ gel spray followed Korsmeyer–Peppas model and was mediated by Fickian diffusion mechanism.Conclusion: Lidocaine HCl-loaded pH-sensitive in situ gel was successfully developed using carbopol 934 as polymer to be applied to the buccal cavity as spray solution for more effective anesthetic effect and painless treatment.
The report includes a group of symbols that are employed within a framework that gives a language of greater impact. This research discusses the problem of the semiotic employment of religious symbols in press reports published in the electronic press across two levels: Reading to perceive the visual message in its abstract form, and the second for re-understanding and interpretation, as this level gives semantics to reveal the implicit level of media messages through a set of semiotic criteria on which it was based to cut texts to reach the process of understanding and interpretation.
The report includes a group of symbols that are employed within a framework that gives a language of greater impact. This research discusses the p
... Show MoreJurisprudential disagreements are a significant source of a vast jurisprudential wealth. Among the manifestations of these disagreements are scholarly critiques raised by some scholars against others, claiming their divergence from the legal evidence or established principles for deducing legal rulings. One such critique is presented by the narrator scholar Abu Bakr Ibn Abi Shaybah, may Allah have mercy on him, directed towards Abu Hanifah al-Nu‘man, may Allah have mercy on him. In his compilation, Ibn Abi Shaybah cited numerous hadiths and traditions that he considered conflicting with the judgments as perceived by Imam Abu Hanifah, may Allah have mercy on him. These issues cover various branches of jurisprudence, including worship, sale
... Show MoreThe advertising has emerged as an effective force and an effective instrument upon with all organizations and companies depend on achieving their goals. In additional to the need to use promote sales, The nature and objective of advertising go beyond the scope of specific personal communication to a broader and more effective range for consumers from multiple groups and combination play need to use as well as the need to use means of communication than com convey the message more professional, The coincides with the rapid and remarkable development of all different media technologies and as much as possible social networking sites including mobile phone companies. The advertising has emerged as an effective force and an effective instrum
... Show MoreThis work is devoted to a comparative study of the phenomenon of enantiosemy in Russian and Arabic.Everyone knows the term antonyms - words of the same part of speech, opposite in meaning, such as: Day and night, white and black, truth and lies. But in Russian, Arabic and other languages there is an interesting phenomenon, which consists in the fact that one word has two opposite meanings. Such a phenomenon in linguistics is called enantiosemy (from the Greek words enantios - "opposite" and sema - "sign")
The study aimed to identify the reality of the application of cost accounting system in the contracting institutions in Saudi Arabia, and the extent of the reflection of the application of this system on the effectiveness and efficiency of the general performance of these institutions. Where the research community consists of the contracting institutions operating in the Saudi Arabia, and then a suitable random sample was selected from seventy one institutions. The researchers used the historical method to track the previous studies as well as the descriptive approach to conducting the field study. The study data were analyzed by SPSS statistical program.
The results of this study conclude that there is a
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Early childhood Is the of the important stages in the life of man and initiated full on others
reliability has been rise in growth toward independence and self-reliance, as is the transition
from the home environment to the kindergarten environment (kindergarten) (4-6) years where
starts in the interaction with the external environment, it is an essential stage in the
construction of sound personal to the child, and choose proper clothes at this age is one of the
important aspects in building the child's personality, as it reflects the clothing behavior and
taste his parents, especially his mother, she is the first responsible for providing clothes for
her children. Children at this stage are dependent the mothers in