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Intellectual property rights and its implications for the pharmaceutical industry in Iraq under accession to the World Trade Organization
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The main risks arising from the WTO Agreement are the inequality and lack of competitiveness of most pharmaceutical goods, as well as the fact that Iraq is a net importer of medicines that are at the core of consumer needs, The subject matter of the Convention on the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights and its implications for the pharmaceutical industry, in particular, coinciding with the situation of financial and administrative corruption, all of which has resulted in drug fraud in the Iraqi market and its impact on public health. The control of medical technology, the persistence of the technological gap and its effects on high price levels, and the fact that domestic drug producers are obliged to obtain production licenses from global companies in the light of limited access to pharmaceutical research and development. The research aims at the impact of economic liberalization within the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its negative effects on consumers by highlighting the economic and social effects on consumption by raising prices and monopolies and restricting the volume of consumer demand because of the loss of the competitive advantage of pharmaceutical goods. Iraq's unwillingness to accede to the International Convention for the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the deterioration of the pharmaceutical industry meant increased dependence on the outside, increased trade deficits, higher price levels, and its adverse effects on consumers. Iraq finds it difficult for developed countries to use their intellectual rights as well as restrict industrial and agricultural work because production and production methods are now subject to their intellectual property protection law, which prevents any possible industrial development. The most significant potential short-term impact of TRIPS is the decline in drug production, which continues to be protected. The great challenge for drug producers is the need to obtain licenses from parent companies because of limited R & D potential. In the long run, the negative effects of TRIPS will be greater than in the short term, as they will create a major challenge for Iraqi pharmaceutical companies, namely, the need to obtain production licenses from parent companies to produce protected medicines. However, limited R & D potential for local firms The small size of the domestic market and the high cost of production discourages global companies from entering into alliances with Iraqi pharmaceutical companies. This reduces the potential for achieving the desired benefit of the TRIPS Convention for developing countries, including Iraq, by encouraging and attracting global investment to these countries. The mechanisms of the system of international relations, in particular the Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the World Trade Organization (WTO), have brought debtor countries under the control of creditor States and have imposed economic and social costs on them as a result of adapting to global trends. However, the growing interdependence and interdependence of the world economy 59 Volume: 12, Issue: 1, January-March 2022 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES have led to increased risks and the spread of economic and financial crises and to the departure of globalization mechanisms from finding solutions to the economic and social problems of poor countries. review trade, investment, and exchange rate laws and reform legal, administrative, and financial systems. Priority should be given to strengthening the functional structure and combating economic crime and industrial and commercial fraud. Support, protection, and State sponsorship of domestic pharmaceutical industries, development of appropriate policies, and attention to market research to counter the negative effects of the WTO Convention and intellectual property protection laws. and the establishment of research and development centers to control drug technology, which will lead to capacity development to enhance competitive advantage, taking into account the importance of improving the quality and quality of products, their technical specifications, and their alignment with global changes.

Crossref
Publication Date
Tue Aug 30 2022
Journal Name
Gsc Biological And Pharmaceutical Sciences
Histological study to the tongue for the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) in Iraq
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The tongue is one of the important organs of vertebrates, as it plays an important role in the process of food intake, absorption and swallowing, It varies the morphological according to the organism, the habitat, and the nature of the food for it. The aim of the study is to reveal the histologist structure of the tongue of the guinea pig(Cavia porcellus), where we took three samples of adult males, and crosses the tongue similar to rodents, except for some differences in terms of the epithelial layers, mucosa, the muscular layer, the number of tongue layers and the spread of papillae on the tongue, which is, differences due to adaptation to the habitat and their diet.

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Crossref
Publication Date
Thu Jun 20 2024
Journal Name
Frontiers In Microbiology
Removal of mobile genetic elements from the genome of Clostridioides difficile and the implications for the organism’s biology
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Clostridioides difficile is an emerging pathogen of One Health significance. Its highly variable genome contains mobile genetic elements (MGEs) such as transposons and prophages that influence its biology. Systematic deletion of each genetic element is required to determine their precise role in C. difficile biology and contribution to the wider mobilome. Here, Tn5397 (21 kb) and ϕ027 (56 kb) were deleted from C. difficile 630 and R20291, respectively, using allele replacement facilitated by CRISPR-Cas9. The 630 Tn5397 deletant transferred PaLoc at the same frequency (1 × 10−7

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Scopus (2)
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Publication Date
Wed Dec 25 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
A Vision to development the Islamic banks that operating under the financial system based on interest: (Iraq Case Study)
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This paper aims to build a modern vision for Islamic banks to ensure sustainability and growth, as well it aims to highlight the positive Iraqi steps in the Islamic banking sector. In order to build this vision, several scientific research approaches were adopted (quantitative, descriptive analytical, descriptive). As for the research community, it was for all the Iraqi private commercial banks, including Islamic banks. The research samples varied according to a diversity of the methods and the data availability. A questionnaire was constructed and conducted, measuring internal and external honesty. 50 questionnaires were distributed to Iraqi academic specialized in Islamic banking. All distributed forms were subject to a thorough analys

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Publication Date
Fri Jun 01 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
The reality of corporate tax and its role in the tax Revenues in Iraq: An analytical study for the years 2005-2010
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This study showed the basic features of corporate tax in Iraq by showing what was in the Income Tax Law in force .The study aims of this to indicate the role of tax corprates in tax revenue and then the possibility of strengthening the revenue of this tax as an important source of local funding sources in the form that is with him reduce dependence on oil revenues to finance the general budget in Iraq, the risks and the study found a number of conclusions from the most important: that the corporate tax comes in the introduction to the components of the income tax structure in terms of relative importance and formed a revenue source of prime The gross proceeds of the income tax in Iraq, where it contributed to more than a quarter of that

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Crossref
Publication Date
Wed Oct 05 2016
Journal Name
Al-academy
Modern technology and the possibility of their use for the development of the domestic copper industry
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Industries copper a craft that requires precision and patience great in the processes of industrialization and execution of product launches brass designs and a variety of forms , and the goal of research into the possibility of the use of modern technologies in the development of industries copper local , and identifies research study models of industries copper local to the city of Baghdad , and are available in the markets for the period from (200 - 2011) , Chapter II Multi industries copper local and technical in the copper industry , and after analysis models the sample was the most important conclusions : can work forms a multi- product copper formations deep or window using the technique work motifs and patterns. - formations deco

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Crossref
Publication Date
Wed May 01 2019
Journal Name
Iop Conference Series: Materials Science And Engineering
The Social Dimension and Its Role in the Applicability of Smart Cities in Iraq
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Abstract<p>Smart cities are using innovative technological solutions to improve the quality of life and service that citizens and visitors receive. Defined as a digital or ecological city, its services depend on information and communication technology infrastructure, such as intelligent automated traffic systems, advanced security management Services, building systems, and the use of automation in offices and homes. The global trend now towards smart cities, sustainable and green cities and other cities, with different nomenclature, the common denominator is the comfort of the individual and the preservation of natural resources. Adopting smart, sustainable, green, or healthy cities is either t</p> ... Show More
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Scopus (3)
Crossref (1)
Scopus Clarivate Crossref
Publication Date
Wed Aug 01 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Measurement of Government Debt Indicators and the most Its important Effects in Iraq for The period of 1990 – 2013
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Indicators of government debt is of extreme importanse in economic activity through knowledge of the economic impact of government debt, if the phenomenon is accepted or prepared to dangerous stage by stage, and there fore it can Through these indicators to measure the degree of indebtedness in relation to the economic activity of the Government on the one hand, the governments  ability to repay  the other hand.

      Due to this it inferred that the degree of indebtedness in Iraq  specificratio has exceed 60% during the period 1990 – 2002 ntejh lack of political and economic stability of the government, which led to the governments  inability to repay the ma

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Crossref
Publication Date
Thu Jul 10 2025
Journal Name
Imam Ja&#39;afar Al-sadiq University Journal Of Legal Studies
Confronting the holder of the mortgaged property with the authority of the mortgagee in the pursuit
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Publication Date
Sun Apr 30 2023
Journal Name
Al-kindy College Medical Journal
The Scientific Contribution of the Al-Kindy College Medical Journal to the World Literature on the COVID-19 Pandemic
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The beginning of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China in late December 2019 and its worldwide transmission has led the World Health Organization to formally address the pandemic. The pandemic has imposed influential impacts on different environmental, economic, social, health, and living aspects. Publishing in scholastic journals was not immune from these impacts.

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Scopus Crossref
Publication Date
Wed Jun 29 2022
Journal Name
College Of Islamic Sciences
Explanation of the correct jurisprudence for calculating the value of the selling price, not the purchase, in the zakat of trade offers
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 After completing the research, with the help and success of God  Almighty , I will summarize what has been mentioned in a concise and understandable form, without boring prolongation or abbreviation .

    The subject, in general, was clarified, clarified and corrected, as I mentioned, for an incorrect concept, about paying zakat on trade goods.

    It has known trade offers parts and combination of language and idiomatic .

   The rule of zakat on trade goods, and evidence from the Qur'an, Sunnah and consensus .

    As well as the conditions of its zakat according to the jurists and their differences in it .

    It

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