The objective of all planning research is to plan for human comfort and safety, and one of the most significant natural dangers to which humans are exposed is earthquake risk; therefore, earthquake risks must be anticipated, and with the advancement of global technology, it is possible to obtain information on earthquake hazards. GIS has been utilized extensively in the field of environmental assessment research due to its high potential, and GIS is a crucial application in seismic risk assessment. This paper examines the methodologies used in recent GIS-based seismic risk studies, their primary environmental impacts on urban areas, and the complexity of the relationship between the applied methodological approaches and the resulting env

        The research paper deals with the role of the place making in eco-tourism through a review of international experiences in the eco-tourism industry and its contribution to advancing the reality of tourism there, and attracting the largest number of tourists.  The study is divided into five axes: the first is a study of related concepts, and the second is a study of global experiences, which included three countries: (South Bank (Gabriel's Wharf) - London, Rotterdam in the Netherlands, and dealt with each of Happy Streets and Kendrick Mills, and then the Perak River tourist corridor - Malaysia).  As for the third axis, it is concerned with analyzing these experiences to reach th

One of the most significant elements influencing weather, climate, and the environment is vegetation cover. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) over the years 2019–2022 were estimated based on four Landsat 8 TIRS’s images covering Duhok City. Using the radiative transfer model, the city's land surface temperature (LST) during the next four years was calculated. The aim of this study is to compute the temperature at the land's surface (LST) from the years 2019-2022 and understand the link, between LST, NDVI, and NDBI and the capability for mapping by LANDSAT-8 TIRS's. The findings revealed that the NDBI and the NDVI had the strongest correlation with the

The process of identifying the region is not an easy process when compared with other operations within the attribute or similarity. It is also not difficult if the process of identifying the region is based on the standard and standard indicators in its calculation. The latter requires the availability of numerical and relative data for the data of each case Any indicator or measure is included in the legal process

This paper delves into the significant role played by local social and traditional structures in shaping Traditional Community Tenure (TCT) within Iraqi Land Tenure Legislation (ILTR), and examines their impact on gender inequalities, with a specific focus on women's land tenure rights. The methodological approach employed in this study identified the sources of barriers to gender equality within TCT as outlined in ILTR at two different bilateral levels, with input obtained from key stakeholders in a selected city in Iraq. The case study survey encompassed three districts, which served as local layers within the historic sectors of the Iraqi city of Al-Nasiriya. the study employed quantitative methods, including a household surveyو with

The tourism industry has become, currently, an art, an industry and a science. It is also one of the components that make up touristic regions. Tourist attractions are no longer the exclusive visits of museums and archeological sites, but also involve other service facilities. It is, therefore, imperative that the authorities should become aware of the degradation of tourist resorts and prevent them from getting worse. Moreover, the authorities should take a set of decisions concerning the protection of the urban aspect with its historical, social, and environmental dimensions, as well as, adapting it to the modern requirements that can bring comfort to the citizens and tourists at physical and psychological levels.

The developing countries can be distinguished by spatial disparities and by this a wide gap between urban and rural settlements were produced as well as the appearance of primate cities. The effect of spatial development as a dynamic and continuous process can be perceived in the state of population distribution inside settlements inter and intra regions as well as the hierarchy of urban settlements according to time series. The research proved that the improvement judgment of the structure of the urban system using Gene factor is not accurate because it cannot be accounted for the internal components of the system which make a contrariety between the whole judgment (country) and partial components (Provinces including Sulaimaniy

تُعدُّ العشوائيات من مقدمة المشاكل التي تعانيها الدول النامية, ونلاحظ اتساع نطاق هذه الظاهرة وتداعياتها في السنوات الأخيرة في العراق على وجه العموم وفي بغداد خاصة فكانت مساحة التجاوز لسنة 2013 (47.23 كم2) في حين أصبحت مساحة التجاوز لسنة 2022 (81.72 كم2) أي انها زادت الى الضعف تقريبا لذا اصبح من الضروري معالجة تلك الظاهرة وتقديم حلول ناجعة لما هو موجود على ارض الواقع والحد من انتشارها , ومن بين تلك الحلول هو تطبيق سياسة ا

Baghdad has a rich cultural and cultural heritage, as it has historically been a center of civilization and science and a destination for visitors from all over the world. However, the wars and conflicts that the region has witnessed in recent decades have negatively affected the tourism sector. The research problem stems from the unclear impact of the development of heritage paths in stimulating local economic activity and increasing the income of local communities.

The paper based on the premise that the development of heritage paths leads to strengthening the local economy and increasing income for local communities. The paper aims to determine the impact of heritage paths in stimulating economic activity and increasing the in

The research presents how various variables and factors interact and influence the urban form of the city over successive periods. Iraqi cities, like other cities, have witnessed numerous urban transformations due to the impact of several factors .One of the most prominent cities that embodied these changes is Baghdad, the current capital of Iraq, where the roots of its design and urban planning first emerged during the Abbasid period as a fortified circular city and a center of Islamic civilization, exemplifying power and authority.

The city subsequently faced a series of challenges and changes in rulers that affected its structural composition, leading to new transformations in its architectural structure influenced by the mode

أسهمت زيادة اعداد السكان في مدينة الحلة وإمكانية اقتناء السيارة لدى الكثير منهم في زيادة اعداد السيارات يوما بعد آخر ، مما أدى إلى زيادة معدل الرحلات التي يقوم بها سكان المدينة لمختلف الأغراض التي تتولد من اجلها الرحلات داخل  او خارج المدينة ، مما انعكس سلبا على شبكة الطرق والشوارع ،فأصبحت غير قادرة على أداء وظيفتها بالمستوى المطلوب ، لا سيما انها أنشأت في مرحلة سابقة لم تأخذ بعين الاهتمام الزيادة الكبير

تواجه المدن التاريخية المتضررة من النزاعات تحديات معقدة في مسارات إعادة الإعمار، تتعدَّى البُعد الفيزيائي إلى أبعاد اجتماعية ووظيفية وثقافية، مما يستدعي أطرًا تخطيطية جديدة تستوعب هذا التعقيد. تُركّز هذه الدراسة على مدينة الموصل القديمة، وتحديدًا محلة الجامع الكبير، باعتبارها نموذجًا حيًّا لموقع تراثي حضري تعرّض لتدمير واسع النطاق نتيجة الحرب، في ظل غياب رؤية تخطيطية مرنة تستوعب خصائص المكان وضرورات ا

ساهم تغير المناخ في العالم في زيادة عدد الدراسات التي تبحث في أساليب التخفيف من آثار تغير المناخ على المدن عموماً والمباني خصوصاً. تعاني المدن اليوم من مشاكل عديدة مرتبطة بهذه الظاهرة، كارتفاع درجات الحرارة والتصحر، لا سيما في المناطق الحارة والجافة، ونظرا الى التوجهات الحديثة في تصميم المباني بصورة عامة والادارية منها بصورة خاصة من تعدد الطوابق بصورة كبيرة واستعمال الاكساءات الزجاجية مما يعرض المبنى من

يعكس البيت التقليدي أهمية كبيرة من الناحية الاجتماعية والثقافية، فهو يُمثِّل انعكاسا للتراث العربي والقيم العائلية، ويبرز استمرارية التراث في مواجهة تحديات الطبيعة كما يتأثر بالعوامل البيئية والتراثية والاجتماعية. نتيجة للالتزام بالمبادئ الإسلامية، ومراعاة للمناخ المحلي والعادات والتقاليد، يتم تصميم مساحات خاصة للعائلات، مع التركيز على الخصوصية للنساء خاصة في التصميم السكني التقليدي. وتُشكِّل الوحد

Urban expansion has been identified as a causative factor for numerous environmental issues in urban areas, such as diminished air quality, elevated local temperatures, and poor water quality. This research aims to detect change in urban areas in Baghdad over a period of approximately 30 years, spanning from 1993 to 2023. The Landsat (TM5, ETM+7, and OLI8) images were used in this research. After performing image pre-processing, a supervised classification was used by the Support Vector Machine (SVM) to classify the images into five land cover classes, namely urban areas, water bodies, vegetation, soil, and wetlands. The classifications' accuracy assessment for the years 1993, 2003, 2013, and 2023 were 89%, 91%, 92%, and 90%, respectivel

The city of Derna has distinctive architectural and architectural features, like other Arab and Islamic cities in the Arab West and North Africa. Its markets and shops have taken many different forms and structural forms within the urban fabric of the central commercial zone. The meeting between the various commercial and handicraft jobs and consumers within a spatial area starting with the old markets of the dark market and the agency of the harvest and vegetable market and the mosque of the old and the square of the mosque and the Red Square and the square Kharazin. It then grew linearly towards commercial hubs that were associated with the city's expansion axes. Old markets represent the architectural and planning heritage associated

The historical center cities were exposed to change, which included its social and economical structures, Which led to sweeping changes in land use, causing a change in the result, in urban fabric and the physical structure and therefore to see visual. We have attracted these centers as a result of pressure from urban development and contemporary reflection of the agents of change which have been hit during the late period a development residential newly not sympathize mostly with the content of the historical and at the expense of removing large parts of the urban fabric and replace it with patterns of structural and styles of architecture has not been connected with reality. Which led to the loss of some historical and architec

         Bringing about urban, economic, and social changes in rural areas similar to those occurring in urban areas aims to reduce urban-rural disparities by providing services in those areas, decentralizing the management of these services, expanding citizen participation in local governance (decentralized administration), and achieving comprehensive development, developing and empowering localities, and keeping pace with new transformations and their impacts on the functions of the center and localities. In fact, the lack of clarity of the role of local government in planning and managing services has hindered development plans, and declined the level of services in rural areas, and has negative

        The research deals with the analysis of the city's commercial center using geographic information systems to solve the problem of congestion by evaluating the efficiency and adequacy of car parking lots according to local and Arab standards. Undoubtedly, the importance of car parking areas, as they are not within the desired efficiency within the city, will lead to congestion and traffic becomes very difficult. Thus, the transportation service loses its most important characteristic, which is the ease of movement. Therefore, there has become an urgent need to study and analyze it, as well as to verify the adequacy of the service, and the amount of deficit required to be provided to solve the tra

Adopting a policy of attracting investments in all countries, whether developing or developed prevailed, especially after the global crisis, and this trend is imposed by considerations of political and development (urban, economic, and social) can be formulated as a rational policy to solve many problems related to patterns of urban growth, economic, social, and including the problem of housing. As the reality of the housing sector in Iraq will require the allocation of substantial resources to promote it by the research problem is the lack of financial resources and the inability of investments to meet the various requirements including the requirements of economic sectors, particularly in the field of housing, infrastructure an

  تتناول هذه الدراسة تأثير التحضُّر السريع وغير المنظم في جودة المياه الجوفية في حوض دجلة والفرات باستعمال أسس الهيدرولوجيا التطبيقية. يشكل التحضُّر، بما في ذلك زيادة الأسطح غير المنفذة، والتخلُّص غير المنظم من مياه الصرف الصحي، والاستعمال المكثَّف للأسمدة والمبيدات الزراعية، تحديات كبيرة تؤثر سلبًا في جودة المياه الجوفية. يهدف البحث إلى تحليل هذه التأثيرات واقتراح استراتيجيات مستدامة للحدِّ منها. تم

Housing deprivation is an important issue that directly affects human well-being and quality of life. Access to adequate housing is a basic necessity, as recognized by many international organizations such as the United Nations, the World Health Organization, and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Despite this, many families still struggle with inadequate housing conditions, which contributes to widening social and economic disparities.

Research Problem: The study addresses the unclear understanding of the causes and factors of housing deprivation.

Research Objective: This research aims to assess the levels of housing deprivation and identify the main social, economic, and urban factors that contribute to this iss

     In front of the serious deterioration of the elements of the environment, new convictions arose the need to integrate into the global environmental concerns as being one and the issue of shared responsibility and the impact of this conviction, the evolution of the environment protection law in many countries, including Algeria. Due to the multiplicity of perceptions about the environmental result of multiple scientific disciplines, the legislative concept emerged to protect the environment, which includes prevention and rational management and conservation and restoration and repair.

    Environmental planning for the various governments and countries aims to avert disasters and achieve the

One of the most enduring expressions of urban poverty in developing countries is the proliferation of slums and informal settlements .these settlements have the most deplorable living and environmental conditions within the city and are characterized by inadequate water supply, squalid conditions of environmental sanitation .overcrowded and dilapidated habitation, hazardous location .insecure tenure and vulnerability to serious health risks among many others .its in recognition of the of the development challenges to significantly improve the lives of at least 800000 people allover the country So our objectives in this research are the ensuring of a durable improvement of housing conditions and housing environment of poor people

The types of development potential in the city vary, from the nature of city, to its society, environment, economy, and history. The city of Baghdad contains many historical development potentials out of using, and most of them towards declining, this will be the research problem, within the aim of trying to clarify how to invest one of the important historical elements in the development of the city, based on the hypothesis that the sustainable development of the city should be stand on the activation of its historical assets. The historical wall of Baghdad is located on the Rusafa side, which is a wall that has not been left except for one gate and the site of another gate from it is f