Background: This study evaluate the immunohistochemical expression profile of transforming growth factor beta-1 in inflamed gingival tissue of patients with gingivitis and chronic periodontitis compared to healthy subjects and, determine the correlation between this cytokine and the clinical periodontal parameters, intensity of inflammation and chronic periodontitis severity. Materials and methods: Gingival tissue specimens were taken from 23 chronic periodontitis patients, 20 gingivitis patients and 20 periodontally healthy subjects. The periodontal status was evaluated by dichotomous measurements of the clinical periodontal parameters (PLI, GI, BOP, PPD, CAL). The gingival specimens were fixed immediately in 10% formalin and processed ro

Background: Poly (methylmethacrylate) is not ideal in every aspect and has disadvantages such as insufficient surface hardness, increase water sorption and poor impact resistance and the latter being the primary cause of fracture of denture base resins. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of addition of silanized nano- hydroxyapatite (HA) on some properties of heat cured acrylic denture base material. Materials and methods: HA nano particles were first silanized with MPS (tri methacryloxypropyletrimethoxy silane coupling agent) then ultrasonicated with methylmethacrylate (monomer) to disperse agglomerated nano particles and mixed with polymer. 2% by wt of HA nano particles was selected as the best concentration that add

Background: Beta thalassemia major is an inherited disorder that may affect general and oral health.The purpose of this study was toassess the severity of dental caries in relation to oral cleanliness, mutans streptococciamong a group of boys with beta thalassemia majorin comparison with a control group. Materials and Methods: The study involved 30 boys with BTM aged 10-12 years compared to 30 healthy boys with the same age group. d1-4mfs and D1-4 MFS indices were applied (Muhlemann, 1976), the viable counts of mutans streptococci in stimulated saliva were also determined. Results: The entire thalassemic group was caries-active. For both dentitions, a higher dmfs/DMFS values were recorded for study compared to control group, difference was

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the effect addition of polyester fibers on the some mechanical properties of heat cured acrylic resin (implant strength, flexural strength and hardness) Materials and methods: Ninety specimens were used in the study. Thirty specimens were used for impact strength measurements (80mm X 10mm X 4mm) length, width and thickness respectively. The specimens divided into three test groups (n=10), first group formed from heat cure acrylic resin without fiber reinforcement. Second group was formed from heat cure acrylic resin was reinforced with 2 mm length polyester fiber and third group was formed from heat cure acrylic resin reinforced with 4mm length polyester fiber, impact strength measured by impact test

Background: Improved glucose level control with insulin injections have allowed for the diabetic population to live longer and healthier lives. Unfortunately diabetes remains a worldwide epidemic disease with multiple health implications. Specifically, its effects upon fracture healing are compromised in diabetics with as high as 87% recovery delay relative to “healthy” counterparts. Current medical treatments for bone injuries have been largely focused on replacing the lost bone with allogenic or autogenous bone grafts, beta-tricalcium phosphate (β -TCP), a ceramic alloplast, has interconnected system of micropores, has been widely used as a biologically safe osteoconductive bone substitute. The aim of this study was histol

Background: Diabetic is a chronic systemic disorder of glucose metabolism. That could be diagnosed using fasting and/or random plasma glucose and Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c). Several biochemical and microbial alterations of saliva could affect dental caries occurrence and severity among diabetic patients. The aim of the present study was to assess the relation of salivary glucose with severity of dental caries and Mutans Streptococci, among uncontrolled and controlled diabetic groups in comparison with non-diabetic control group. Materials and Methods: The total sample composed of adults aged (18-22) years. Divided into 25 uncontrolled diabetic patients (HbA1c > 7), 25 controlled diabetic patients (HbA1c ≤ 7), in addition to 25 no

Background:Periodontal diseases and dental caries are the most common oral diseases, but they can be adequately prevented by adopting a specific health behavior and plaque control.The study was carried out to determine and compare oral health status; it included both caries experience, gingival health and oral hygiene behavior betweenfirst and fifth yearsof Al-Mustansiriyahdental students. Materials and methods: Total sample of the study consisted of 50 students at first year (25 males, 25 females)and 60 students at fifth year (30 males, 30 females). Plaque andgingival indices,dental caries indices (DMFS and DMFT) wererecorded to evaluateoral health status for each student. Further questionnaires were given to evaluate different oral hyg

Background: Odontogenic tumors are a diverse group of lesions with a variety of clinical behavior and histopathologic subtypes, from hamartomatous and benign to malignant. The study aimed to examine the clinical and pathological features of odontogenic tumors in Baghdad over the last 11 years (2011–2021). Materials and Methods: The present retrospective study analyzed all formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of patients diagnosed with an odontogenic tumor that were retrieved from archives at a teaching hospital/College of Dentistry in Baghdad University, Iraq, between 2011 and 2021. The diagnosis of each case was confirmed by examining the hematoxylin and eosin stained sections by two expert pathologists. Data from patients'

Background: Periodontal disease (PD) is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by destruction of supporting structures of the teeth. Intelligence quotient (IQ) was potentially reported to significantly associated with prevalence of gingivitis. Mild gingivitis was obtained in high IQ levels while moderate gingivitis may be attributed to poor oral hygiene seen among the subjects having low IQ levels. Method: One hundred volunteers aged between 20-45 years old were enrolled in this study, patients were equally divided into right- and left-handed (50 patients each)and each group then subdivided into patients with healthy gingiva(10), patients with gingivitis (20), and patients suffering from periodontitis (20).An IQ questionnaire was p

Background: Coronavirus, which causes respiratory illness, has been a public health issue in recent decades. Because the clinical symptoms of infection are not always specific, it is difficult to expose all suspects to qualitative testing in order to confirm or rule out infection as a test. Methods: According to the scientific studies and investigations, seventy-three results of scientific articles and research  were obtained using PubMed, Medline, Research gate and Google Scholar. The research keywords used were COVID-19, coronavirus, blood parameters, and saliva. Results: This review provides a report on the changes in the blood and saliva tests of those who are infected with the COVID-19.COVID-19 is a systemic infection that has

Background: The most widely used material for fabrication of denture base is poly methyl methacrylate, despite its popularity, the main problems associated with it as a denture base material are poor strength particularly under fatigue failure inside the patient mouth, impact failure outside the patient mouth, which are the main causes for fracture of denture, several studies was done to increase mechanical properties of denture base. The present study was conducted to evaluate and compare the effect of addition single walled carbon nanotubes in different concentrations to polymethyl methacrylate on some mechanical properties (surface hardness, surface roughness, impact strength and transverse strength). Materials and methods: Forty eight

Background: The daily cleaning routine of the silicone maxillofacial prostheses by the patient may cause some alteration in the materials properties. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of different disinfection procedures on some properties of silicon dioxide reinforced Cosmesil M511 HTV maxillofacial silicone. Materials and Methods: One hundred and sixty (160) specimens were prepared by mixing 5% SiO2 nano particles and 0.5% intrinsic cream color into the silicone polymer according to manufacturer's instructions. Specimens were divided into 4 groups according to the performed test (tear strength, surface hardness, surface roughness and color) with 40 specimens each. Each group was further subdivided according to

Green tea is regarded as a healthy beverage due to the biological action of polyphenols, specifically catechins. Researchers investigated the inhibitory effects of green tea (Camellia sinensis) plant on both Gram- positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Periodontitis is mainly initiated when dysbiosis of the subgingival microbiome takes place. Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the key pathogens involved in the initiation and progression of periodontitis when its levels in subgingival biofilm overwhelm the host's immune system. It is the main pathogen that is significantly linked to severe periodontal disease. In this study, details about P. gingivalis including information about its structure, virulence factors were provi

The purpose of endodontic treatment is to eliminate all germs, microbial by-products, and vital tissues from the root canal system. Root canals can be mechanically and chemically used for this purpose. The needs and details of the irrigation solutions are described in this article. Because of its wide range of antibacterial activities and its ability to dissolve organic tissues, sodium hypochlorite is suggested as the main irrigation. On the contrary, chelation solutions are recommended as supplemental treatments to either eliminate the smear layer or prevent it from forming on the dentin surface. Data: Only articles that were published electronically were searched within the review. Sources: ‘Google Scholar’ and "Pub-med" websites w

Background: periodontitis is a multifactorial oral inflammatory disease characterized by the gradual loss of bone and eventual tooth loss. It starts with microbes and is then influenced by the environment. A diverse family of host defense major compounds known as antimicrobial peptides react quickly to combat microbial invasion and challenge. These little cationic peptides are crucial for the development of innate immunity. The goal of this study was to evaluate the blood levels of healthy individuals and patients with periodontitis for cathelicidins and human beta-defensin-1. In this case-control study, 35 healthy volunteers (matched exactly by age and sex to the patients) and 50 periodontitis patients (aged 20 to 59) participated. In t

Background: Demineralization and white spot lesions are the most common complications in fixed orthodontic treatment. It is useful to enhance the remineralization properties of the orthodontic primer by the addition of remineralizing agents. Fluoride and calcium are regarded as the main component of enamel fluorohydroxyapatite crystals. This pilot study compared three mixing methods of calcium fluoride nanoparticles (nCaF₂) with conventional orthodontic primer (Transbond XT^TM) to develop a primer with enamel remineralization properties. Materials and methods: The nanoparticles were added to Transbond XT^TM primer to form 20% (w/w) of the final solution. Three dark plastic bottles were prepared and stored u

Background: Recurrent aphthous stomatitis remains the most common ulcerative disease of the oral mucosa that exists as painfull round shallow ulcers with a well-defined erythematous margin and a yellowish grey pseudomembranous centre. Salivary irisin is an identified adipomyokine and research has revealed that it has an anti-inflammatory effect and is a novel myokine; it is synthesized in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relation of salivary irisin to recurrent aphthous ulcers and weight status in Diyala City / Iraq. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional comparative st

Background: Silicone elastomers have been extensively used as the most acceptable material in the manufacturing of maxillofacial and other kinds of prosthetic devices. The durability of maxillofacial prostheses depends on the material chosen, the patient's attitude and feelings regarding the prosthesis, and how they perform for specific needs. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the influence of adding barium titanate (BaTiO3) nanoparticles on the mechanical and physical characteristics of room-temperature-vulcanized (RTV) VerSilTal (VST-50) maxillofacial silicone elastomer, including thermal conductivity, tear strength, and water absorption and solubility. Materials and methods: 0.5 wt% and 0.75 wt% BaTiO3 nanoparticles were added to

Background: Early detection of periodontal tissue loss prevents further development and halts additional damage.  The purpose of this study was to investigate the diagnostic ability of salivary Pyridinoline cross-linked carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP) and deoxypyridinoline (DPD) in differentiating periodontitis from periodontal health. Material and method: A case-control included 80 participants who were divided into two groups: 40 periodontitis patients and 40 subjects with a healthy periodontium. Salivary samples were collected from each patient, followed by a clinical examination. The collected saliva samples were centrifuged and frozen at -80⁰C until analysis using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Results:

Background: Aggressive global pandemics such as COVID-19 can disrupt societies tragically, imposing a suspension to almost every field throughout the world; the orthodontic treatment and follow-up is no exemption. Objectives: To provide practical recommendations about resuming treatment for orthodontic patients during the “Return-to-Practice” phase and emphasize the validity of certain digital interceptive measures post global pandemics to minify the risk of infection spread. Materials and Methods: Sources of information pertaining to orthodontic/therapeutic implications during the COVID-19 pandemic were searched using electronic databases including COVID-19 Open Research Dataset (CORD-19 2020), Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, MEDLIN

background: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of bioactive composite (ACTIVA) on enamel demineralisation when used as an orthodontic adhesive, compared to other adhesives. Materials and methods: Human upper premolars (n=64) were randomly divided into two equal groups; the first group stored the bonded teeth in deionised water for 30 days at 37°C, and the second group exposed the bonded teeth to acidic media. Each group was further subdivided into four subgroups, with eight premolars in each subgroup, based on the type of adhesive used to bond metal brackets: non-fluoride-releasing adhesive (Transbond XT), fluoride-releasing adhesive (Light Bond), light-cured, resin-reinforced glass ionomer (GC Fuji ortho LC), and bioactive restora

Background: Titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) is considered a promising material for prosthetic dental applications due to its superior density, high strength, improved corrosion resistance and superior biocompatibility. Due to the low strength and brittleness of the practicable denture foundation material in heat-cured acrylic resin, improving the strength properties is a crucial issue. The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of Ti6Al4V alloy particles on the tensile strength transverse strength, and the surface hardness of heat-cured PMMA as a base material. Materials and methods: A total of 75 specimens were prepared by combining heat-cured acrylic resin with Ti6Al4V additive particles (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 wt. % respectively). Each gr

Background: The interactions of genetic and environmental factors may account for the variability in the expression of malocclusion. The study of malocclusion etiology is fundamental to understand the biology underlying craniofacial growth and dental relations. Understanding biology will improve progress toward effective treatment and prevention, thereby decreasing the burden of this condition. Aims: The present study was set out to investigate the association of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in different genes (rs2249492 in COLA1A, rs4434184 in SOX2, rs2162540 in FGFR2, rs11696257 in MAFB, and rs881301 in FGFR1) with Class III malocclusion. Materials and Methods: A total of 10 patients, comprising 5 with Skeletal Class I an

Background: Alveolar ridge expansion is proposed when the alveolar crest thickness is ≤5 mm. The screw expansion technique has been utilized for many years to expand narrow alveolar ridges. Recently, the osseodensification technique has been suggested as a reliable technique to expand narrow alveolar ridges with effective width gain and as little surgical operating time as possible. The current study aimed to compare osseodensification and screw expansion in terms of clinical width gain and operating time. Materials and methods: Forty implant osteotomies were performed in deficient horizontal alveolar ridges (3–5 mm). A total of 19 patients aged 21–59 years were randomized into two groups: the scre

Background: Metal ions can be released from metallic orthodontic appliances due to corrosion in the oral cavity; prophylactic mouthwashes may have an effect on ion release from orthodontic wires. Materials and Methods: Thirty six orthodontic sets of half maxillary fixed appliance with 2 types of arch wires SS and NiTi(Morelli) were constructed and immersed in 2 types of mouthwashes; Claradone (non-fluoridated) and Silver Care (fluoridated) for 28 days at 37°C, then the released Ni and Cr ionswere measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometer and compared statistically. Results: Ni ion release was higher from NiTi wire group than SS wire group for both mouthwashes and also was higher for Silver Care group than for Claradone group.

Background: The mechanical properties of 3D-printed denture base resins are crucial factors for determining the quality and performance of dentures inside a patient’s mouth. Tensile strength and diametral compressive strength are two properties that could play significant roles in assessing the suitability of a material. Although they measure different aspects of material behavior, a conceptual link exists between them in terms of overall material strength and resilience. Aim: This study aims to investigate the correlation between tensile strength and diametral compressive strength after incorporating 2% ZrO₂ nanoparticles (NPs) by weight into 3D-printed denture base resin. Methods: A total of 40 specimens (20 dumbbell-

Background: Aesthetic archwires are used to overcome the aesthetic problems of stainless steel wires but the color of the coating layer can be changed with time when exposed to oral environments. The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of color change of different aesthetic archwires from different companies under different coloring solutions. Materials and Methods: One hundred fifty samples of coated archwires from three companies (Highland, G&H and Dany) were immersed in 5 solutions (artificial saliva, turmeric, tea, coffee and Miranda) to evaluate the degree of color changes after 7, 14 and 21 days using visible spectrophotometer. Data were collected and analyzed using one way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey’s tests. Resu

Background: Genioglossus advancement is a surgical procedure to advance the tongue in some patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.The important step in this procedure is that of accurately capturing the bone segment attached to the genioglossus muscle to avoid complications such as mandibular fracture, devitalization of the inferior incisor roots, and incomplete incorporation of the genioglossus Materials and Method: Computed tomography scans were taken for 53 Iraqi adult patients (28 male and 25 female) range from (18-35) years with skeletal class I classification and intact anterior mandible dentition included in this study using sagittal and axial sections. The measurements were done for genial tubercle and anterior mandibular re

Background: The aim of this study was to determine phototoxic effect of visible blue light on anaerobic periodontal pathogens namely Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Materials and methods: Strains of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis were isolated from pockets of systemically healthy patients aged between 35-55 years old with pocket depths of 5-6 mm, the bacteria cultured on special blood Agar plates solid media, then subjected to visible blue light emitted from commercially available light cure devise (LED curing light); that emits blue light (400-500nm) of 1000mw energy at different periods of time exposures, then the CFU of each plate was measured by direct colony count

Background: Salivary immunoglobulin IgA plays an essential role in the immune response against dental caries. This studywas conducted to compare the salivary IgA levels and flow rate of stimulated saliva in caries active and caries free children. Materials and methods: The present study included sixty healthy children age 7-10 yearswho were divided into two groups. They were caries free and caries active children (30 children in each group). Assessment and recording of caries – experience were through the application of Decayed, Missing and Filled Tooth Index (DMFT) and (dmft) index, for permanent and deciduous teeth respectively. After dental examination, stimulated saliva samples were collected from the subjects and performed und