الخلاصة : في هذه الحالة المسجلة نناقش قضية اساسية يجب ان تؤخذ بنظر الاعتبار و تتعلق بالتحاليل الجينية السريرية في حقل الصرع. تحديد الجينات التي تؤثر على خطورة الصرع لها تداعيات بالغة الاهمية لكل من الابحاث و التدريب السريري. في مجال الابحاث, المعلومات المستحصلة تؤدي الى تطوير علاجات جديدة تستهدف ميكانيكيات محددة او طرق لمنع قابلية الاصابة بالصرع. في التدريب السريري, استعمال المعلومات

خلفية البحث: تنتج أجهزة (الضوء النبضي المكثف) ضوءا نابضا عالي الكثافة غير مترابط متعدد الألوان مع طيف طول موجي محدد، وطلاقة، ومدة النبضة من خلال استخدام المصابيح الكهربائية ومرشحات تمرير النطاق الترددي. بطريقة مشابهه لليزر، تعمل أجهزة (الضوء النبضي المكثف) على مبدأ التحلل الضوئي الإنتقائي، حيث يعمل الميلانين ككرموفور. على الرغم من هذا التشابه، يتم تشكيل أجهزة (الضوء النبضي المكثف) بشكل مختلف وتنتج

الخلفية: المركبات الحلقية غير المتجانسة ومشتقاتها لها فعالية بايولوجية وتستخدم كمسكن للألم، طارد للديدان، مضاد للسلس، مضاد للفطريات، مضاد للفيروسات، مضاد للسرطان وعامل مثبط لبعض الأنزيمات. مشتقات الأوكسازبين تستخدم ملطف للعصاب النفسي الناتج من الحصر والشد العصبي. انزيم الفوسفتيز القاعدي يحلل الاستر احادي الفوسفات، وانزيم اللاكتيت منزوع الهيدروجين يساعد على اكسدة اللاكتيت الى باي

الخلفية: ارتفاع ضغط الدم اثناء الحمل يمثل فترة عابرة من ضغط الدم المرتفع مع تأثيرات خاصة في البطين الأيسر لدى الأم والتي تختلف عن التأثيرات التي لوحظت في ارتفاع ضغط الدم الأساسي المزمن، ;كونه يؤثر على قلب طبيعي سابقا ويدوم لمدة أقصاها تسعة أشهر مع زيادة في كل من الحجم والضغط على قلب الأم. تم حساب معامل مؤشر أداء عضلة القلب و الذي يعتمد الجمع بين مؤشر تقييم وظيفة البطين الأيسر الانقباضية

Background: Emergency ambulance personnel (EAP) are vulnerable to PTSD. In Iraq, EAPs were exposed to life threatening situation during political violence conflict post 2003 Gulf war. This study was carried out to report on PTSD among EAP.
Patients and Methods: A total of 189 male EAPs were selected randomly from the Dept. of ambulance in Baghdad. A questionnaire form was filled for each EAP. The form included the
symptoms of PTSD according to DSM- IV (intrusive, avoidance and hyperarousal symptoms). Demographic data and exposure to violence accident, type of accident and duration of damage were included, also.
Results: The mean age of EAP was 38.5 ± 9.4 years. There was 122 (64.5%) had PTSD. Age, 

Background:

Background: Cytokines produced by inflammatory cells play a pivotal role in synovial inflammation and joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis.
Patients and Methods: The cytokine serum levels were measured by EASIA (Enzyme amplified sensitivity immunoassay) in sera from 50 RA patients, and 40 healthy donors. Cytokine levels were compared in different RA subpopulations (positive or negative rheumatoid factor (RF), long term or recent onset disease, high or low disease activity). In addition, the possible association with other demographic and clinical parameters (gender, age, etc) was also analyzed.
Results: It was demonstrated that IL-2, IL-6 and IFN-δ levels were elevated in serum samples of RA pati

Background: Rosacea is a chronic disease that requires long-term systemic and or local therapy, which carries risk for systemic complications and adverse reactions and high recurrence rate. 
Patient and methods: Two groups of rosacea patient with at least 8 inflammatory papules and pustules, moderate to severe facial erythema (22 patient treated with oral azithromycin versus 18 patient treated with oral metronidazole) were studied at single medical center (medical city of Baghdad: department of dermatology and venereology , both for 60 days, Subjects were evaluated monthly for up to three months to determine the relapse rate. Main outcome measures: Inflammatory papules and pustules were counted at ea

Background: A number of investigators have carried out experimental infections of hydatidosis, using albino mice as an experimental animal model, but there was disagreement on the effect of strain, sex and age of this model.
Materials and Methods: Two hundred and forty mice (120 males and 120 females) were injected intraperitoneally with a single dose of 2000 protoscolices (PSCs) /mouse at four ages (3-4, 7-8, 10 and 20 weeks). Each age group consisted of 60 mice (30 males and 30 females); in which 15 animals of each sex were the treated group, while the other 15 animals were a control group (injected with normal saline). Five animals from each age and sex were sacrificed at one, two and four month po sti

Background: Fenugreek herb is one of the most abundant plants in our country. The dried ripe seeds of this plant are the effective medicinal part the plant.
Aim of the work: The aim of this study is to determine the pharmacological effect of a new chemical substance that has been extracted from crude fenugreek seeds which has a hormonal like action and to assess the safety of this experimental material in order to recommend it in future as a stimulator for ovulation or a contraceptive pill.
Materials and Methods: Sixty uncoupled female rats and mice were enrolled in this study, categorized into groups as mentioned in the text. Prolactin, estradiol and progesterone serum levels where measured for all gr

Background: Fenugreek herb is one of the most abundant plants in our country. The dried ripe seeds of this plant are the effective medicinal part the plant.<br />Aim of the work: The aim of this study is to determine the pharmacological effect of a new chemical substance that has been extracted from crude fenugreek seeds which has a hormonal like action and to assess the safety of this experimental material in order to recommend it in future as a stimulator for ovulation or a contraceptive pill.<br />Materials and Methods: Sixty uncoupled female rats and mice were enrolled in this study, categorized into groups as mentioned in the text. Prolactin, estradiol and progesterone serum levels where measured for all groups. Histolog

Background:

Background:

Background: periodontal disease are the major risk factors for tooth loos in aged persons. Clinically, patients with gingivitis or periodontitis usually suffer from gingival bleeding and periodontal probing.
Material and method: The human sample consisted of five hundred and ninety eight students, 208 males and 390 females. Russel's periodontal index (PI) plaque index (PI. I) and the periodental treatment need system (PTNS) were scored.
Results: The mean PI and P1.I for males were 1.94, 1.72 respectively. For females the corresponding values were 1.73. 1.49. From the total sample 2.4% males and 6.1% females were in no need of periodontal therapy.A comparison between first and final year students showed for

Background: The morbidity and mortality of congenital diaphragmatic hernia is related to the severity of lung hypoplasia ,pulmonary hypertension and associated anomalies.
Patients and methods: fifty nine consecutive patients with surgically proved diaphragmatic hernia (excluding hiatal hernia) were included in this prospective study. All patients were seen at Al- Kadhymia hospital for children and Al-Mustansyria hospital, in the period from January 2003 to December 2009.Plain chest x-ray was done for all the patients understudy, but barium study was arranged for only nine patients.
Results: There were fifty nine child with congenital diaphragmatic hernia , Bochdalek hernia forms 81.4% of all congenital

Back ground: Bcaterial vaginosis is an important gynecological problem, during reproductive age group with high relapse rate ,it is associated with high vaginal PH, vaginal vitamin C recently tried to decreased vaginal PH and treat bacterial vaginosis.
Patients & Methods: One hundred and one women with Bacterial vaginosis their age range from 18-40 years enrolled in this study, the Diagnosis is confirmed by at least 3out of 4 of (Amsel criteria) which include a thin homogenous vaginal discharge, vaginal PH of ≥4.7, a characteristic ''amine odour'' release when alkali (lo% KOH) is added to a specimen of vaginal fluid, and at least 20% of epithelial cells having the appearance of clue cell in a wet mo

Background: Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection during pregnancy causing serious problems through induction of viral genes that enhance the expression of different cellular factors ending in failure of pregnancy.
Patients and Methods: Paraffin embedded sections of curate samples were obtained from 34 women had spontaneous abortion, and 5 women had elective termination of pregnancy (as control), and then subjected for immunohistochemistry analysis to detect human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) early protein, and in situ hybridization technique to detect nuclear factor-κB (NF- κB) mRNA.
Results: Only nine out of 34 women with spontaneous abortion were positive for HCMV early protein, with a significantly higher expression of NF-κB in H

Background: since the occurrence of transient bacteraemia is fatal following different dental procedures in patients at-risk of bacterial endocarditis, the purpose of this research was to estimate the percentage and nature of bacteraemia following four orthodontic treatment procedures which were: an upper alginate impression, separator placement, band fitting or placement, and arch wire adjustment on a fixed appliance.Materials and methods: the study group consisted of 40 patients (25 females and 15 males) ranging from 17-25 years of age attending Orthodontic Department in the College of Dentistry/Baghdad University, and out patients department from private clinic. The 40 patients were divided into four groups (10 patients each). A cannu

                الخلفية: وفقا للدراسات الحالية فان التغييرات في شخصية الدهون لدى الحوامل هو العامل الرئيسي في احداث مقدمات الارتعاج. صممت الدراسة لمقارنة التغيرات في شخصية الدهون في النساء ذوات الحمل الطبيعي وتلك ذوات تاريخ مرضي بمقدمات الارتعاج المتكررة.

الهدف: لتقيم العلاقة بين تغيرات الدهون الشخصية في الحمل المبكر عند ال

الخلاصة:: هو من الامراض التي تنتقل عن طريق الحيوانات الى الأنسان وهو مرض متوطن في كل انحاء العالم. المرض اكتشف في سنة 1937 في العراق عندما عزلت البكتريا المسببة للمرض بواسطة طبيب عراقي.

الاهداف: لمعرفة عدد الاصابات بمرض حمة مالطا في محافظات العراق وعلاقة المرض بفصول السنة ومكان اقامة السكان وجنس وعمر المريض2- تشخيص مرض حمة مالطامن المرضى المتوقع اصابتهم بالمرض في محافظة بغدا

الخلفيه العلميه: تصلب الشرايين القلبي واحدة من الأمراض الألتهابية  ينتج عن  التركيز العالي للكولسترول فى المصل بالأخص عند الأشخاص  الذين لديهم الدهون البروتينية الواطئة الكثافة ((LDL للكولسترول  بتراكيز عالية والتي تعد أحد العوامل الخطرة لهذا المرض .

الهدف من الدراسه:الدراسة الحالية ركزت على تشخيص اكثر العوامل الخطرة ومؤشرات امراض القلب لغرض تطوير

Background: High blood pressure is one of several risk factors that can increase your chance of developing heart disease, astroke, and other serious conditions.

Background: Widal test and blood culture together must be depended to diagnosis of typhoid fever.

Back ground: Intestinal parasitic infections are among the most common infections world wide and are regarded as a serious public-health problem.
Methods: The study was carried out during the period from October 2008 to the end of January 2009 in five different markets of Baghdad. Six different type of vegetables were selected for this study including tomato, onion, cabbage, lettuce, carrot and pepper. The vegetables soaked for 10 minutes and washed in saline, centrifuged and the sediment examined for the presence of intestinal parasites. A total of 168 specimens of faeces were collected from vegetables handlers of the markets studied then, specimens were examined for the presence of intestinal parasites by the direct smear method and

Background: A quick and easy method was developed for extraction of DNA of eukaryotes from different samples, which are bone marrow and sperms in white mice Mus musculus strain (Balb/c).
Patients and Methods: this method using high salt buffer, Ethylene diemine tetracetec acid (EDTA), Trypsine,Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate(SDS), and urea without using Proteinase-K digestion or ultracentrifugation.
Results: This method was successful in extracting DNA from different samples in eukaryotic and this DNA is suitable for Hind III digestion.
Conclusion: Without further clean-up, the extracted DNA can be used for restriction endonuclease digestion or for numerous applications.

Background: Molecular DNA hybridization has confirmed more than 120 different human papilloma virus (HPV) genotypes. A small group of them have high- risk oncogenic potential. Many studies have described an association of such high risk-HPV genotypes with a variety of esophageal benign tumors as well as malignant squamous cell carcinomas.
Patients and Methods: A total number of 90 tissue specimens were collected from 50 patients with esophageal squamous cell (SCC), adenocarcinoma (AC) and carcinoma in situ (CIS); 20 patients with squamous acanthosis (SA); and 20 individuals with apparently-healthy esophageal tissues (AHET). The molecular detection methods for HPV detection and genotyping were performed by in s

Background: Interleukin-31 has been linked with developing and maintaining pruritus in various dermatological and non-dermatological diseases.

Objectives: To evaluate interleukin-31 serum levels in hemodialysis patients with and without uremic pruritus as a potential contributor.

Methods: This cross-sectional study involved ninety adult chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis. All of the enrolled patients were on a three-times/week hemodialysis regimen. Patients were divided into two groups of 45 patients each. Group 1 involved those with pruritus and Group 2 involved those free of pruritus; based on the itching severity scale (ISS). Serum levels of interleukin-31,

Background: Catalase is an antioxidant enzyme found in all living organisms that is responsible for the degradation of hydrogen peroxide, a type of harmful compound known as reactive oxygen species (ROS), into harmless oxygen and water. It is necessary for cell protection from ROS-induced oxidative damage in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) individuals. T2DM is rapidly rising in prevalence worldwide, emerging as a significant public health challenge. It can disrupt iron regulation in the bloodstream, leading to the production of ROS, which can damage the cells.

Objective: To explore the correlation between iron status and catalase activity in T2DM patients, and the possibility of using it as a pred

Background: Indeterminate colitis (IC) originally referred to those 10–15% of cases of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in which there was difficulty distinguishing between ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) in the colectomy specimen and histopathology examination. However, IC is increasingly used when a definitive diagnosis of UC or CD cannot be made at colonoscopy examination, colonic biopsies or at colectomy. The diagnostic difficulties may explain the variably reported prevalence of IC. Clinically, most patients with IC evolve to a definite diagnosis of UC or CD on follow up.
Patients and methods: PATIENTS GROUP: Consisted of 80 patients with indeterminate colitis (IC), their ag

Background: β-thalassemia major is a genetic disorder characterized by reduced rate of β-globin chain production. Clinically, β-thalassemia major is a severe, transfusion-dependant disorder; repeated blood transfusion will lead eventually to chronic liver disease.
Patients and Methods: One hundred patients ; 56 males and 44 females who were known cases with β-thalassemia major on regular blood transfusion, aged between 6 months and 18 years, were studied in a private pathology laboratory, between January 2002-January 2006.Blood was drawn to estimate serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) levels.
Results: Sixty-six patients (66%) had elevated S