Background: The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disorders caused by cellular and humoral immune dysfunction from infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV 1 and HIV 2).
Patients and Methods: The study was carried out in Kirkuk governorate on 5090 secondary school students from different localities of the city, for the period from the beginning of October 2005 to the end of March 2006. A special questionnaire was applied for each student containing age, sex, class, parent’s education, mode of transmission & methods of prevention.
Results: There was no significant difference between male and female regarding the etiology of AIDS.The knowledge of secondary school students was

Background: Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is heterogenous syndrome. Because the diversity of disease processes and formation of complex lymphoid microstructures that indicate the multiple T cell activation pathways are involved .affected patients have major abnormalities in the T cell pool with clonally expanded CD4  + T cell that lose expression of the CD28null molecule and lack the ability for profiliration. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is an indicator of the proliferation and differenation of lymphocyte, in particularly the T cell subcells.
Patients and Methods: Total ADA levels were measured in the sera of RA patients and healthy group according to Giusti (1981).
Results: The mean value of ADA was lo

Background: A quick and easy method was developed for extraction of DNA of eukaryotes from different samples, which are bone marrow and sperms in white mice Mus musculus strain (Balb/c).
Patients and Methods: this method using high salt buffer, Ethylene diemine tetracetec acid (EDTA), Trypsine,Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate(SDS), and urea without using Proteinase-K digestion or ultracentrifugation.
Results: This method was successful in extracting DNA from different samples in eukaryotic and this DNA is suitable for Hind III digestion.
Conclusion: Without further clean-up, the extracted DNA can be used for restriction endonuclease digestion or for numerous applications.

Background: Molecular DNA hybridization has confirmed more than 120 different human papilloma virus (HPV) genotypes. A small group of them have high- risk oncogenic potential. Many studies have described an association of such high risk-HPV genotypes with a variety of esophageal benign tumors as well as malignant squamous cell carcinomas.
Patients and Methods: A total number of 90 tissue specimens were collected from 50 patients with esophageal squamous cell (SCC), adenocarcinoma (AC) and carcinoma in situ (CIS); 20 patients with squamous acanthosis (SA); and 20 individuals with apparently-healthy esophageal tissues (AHET). The molecular detection methods for HPV detection and genotyping were performed by in s

Background:It is widely assumed that cellular immune response and cytokine (especially proinflammatory cytokines) production play an important role in the course and treatment effectiveness of chronic hepatitis C infection. <br />Aim of the study: evaluate the level of Th-1 cytokines during treatment of chronic HCV infection and their dynamic changes in response to treatment.<br />Patients and methods: The study was performed on sixty patients with chronic HCV infection, the patients were recruited from medical city gastroenterology and hepatology teaching hospital for the period from February 2007 till February 2008 and 50 healthy control group. Diagnosis was made using third generation ELISA-based screening test, RIBA-based

Background: Cytokines are the messengers of the immune system.They are mostly secreted by macrophages and lymphocytes and their production is induced in response to injury or infections.
Objective: Biopsy speciemens from the middle body of the stomach were obtained from 18 patients with gastric carcinoma, 32 patients with atrophic gastritis, 50 patients with chronic gastritis and 20 healthy subjects and IL-8 and IL-1B levels were detrmined.
Methods: Sandwich-type enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit was used to determine the IL-8 and IL-1B levels.
Results: IL-8 and IL-1B levels were significantly higher in gastric carcinoma patients than patients with atrophic gastritis and both significantly higher than healthy subjects.
C

المقدمة: الإصابة بفيروس التهاب الكبد الوبائي (سي) هو أحد الأسباب الرئيسية لأمراض الكبد المزمنة، قدرت منظمة الصحة العالمية أن حوالي 170 مليون شخص مصابون بالتهاب الكبد الوبائي (سي)، ثبت مؤخرا أن سيليمارين (ليكالون) فعال في علاج التهاب الكبد الوبائي (سي).

الاهداف: فعالية سيليمارين (ليكالون) على الحمل الفيروسي في المرضى الذين يعانون من التهاب الكبد الوبائي (سي).

الخلفية: ارتفاع ضغط الدم مع التدخين هو حالة طبية مزمنة تؤثر على صحة الإنسان. لقد ثبت أنه عامل خطر كبير لاضطرابات مختلفة مثل تلف الدماغ وأمراض الرئتين وقد ارتبط بتطور أمراض الفم. ومع ذلك ، هناك القليل من الأبحاث المتضاربة حول تأثيرها على بنية  العناصر المعدنيه اللعابية.

الهدف: الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو تقييم تأثير ارتفاع ضغط الدم مع وبدون التدخين على تركيز العناصر المعدنيه في اللعاب ومعرفة

خلفية البحث: من أكثر أنواع العدوى البكتيرية انتشارًا عدوى المسالك البولية (UTI) ، سواء في المجتمع أو في المستشفيات نظرًا لأن مقاومة الأدوية أصبحت إحدى المشكلات الصحية السائدة في جميع أنحاء العالم ، فمن الضروري استخدام طرق جديدة للتغلب على البكتيريا المقاومة للمضادات الحيوية . في هذا الصدد ، تعتبر النباتات الطبية (Medicago sativa) من أغنى المصادر لإنتاج المضادات الحيوية.

الاهداف :تقييم تأثير ال

التأثيرات المتوقعة لبرنامج الضمان الصحي العراقي الجديد والتحديات التي تواجه تنفيذه: وجهة نظر الأطباء

ص. حيدر ناجي سمير*^،1 ,د. علي عزيز الجميلي*

* فرع الصيدلة السريرية، كلية الصيدلة ،جامعة بغداد، العراق.

الخلاصة

ألاهداف: كانت أهداف الدراسة هي استبيان رؤى الاطباء تجاه تأثير التنفيذ المرتقب لبرنامج ا

خلفية: احتشاء عضلة القلب (MI) هو الأكثر شيوعا نظرا لانسداد (انسداد) في الشريان التاجي بعد تمزق لوحة تصلب الشرايين عرضة للخطر. وقد اقترح أن الأنسجة الدهنية قد تلعب دورا مهما في التوسط في هذه العملية التهابي مزمن. وتشارك الاستجابات الالتهابية في بدء وتطور لويحات تصلب الشرايين. رزيستين هو ببتيد السيستين الغنية التي أعرب عنها في مستويات منخفضة نسبيا في adipocytes الإنسان، ولكن مستويات أعلى في الضامة. الأنس

خلفية: هناك أدلة كثيرة على القلب والأوعية الدموية التي تربط الاعتلال والوفيات مع السمنة، ولكن، لها تأثير مباشر للسمنة غير معقدة في وظيفة القلب ليست راسخة.

الهدف: لتقييم العلاقة بين مؤشر كتلة الجسم (BMI) واليسار هيكل البطين وظيفة.

الطرق: أجريت هذه الدراسة مستعرضة خارجا على (146) البالغين الأصحاء على ما يبدو من كلا الجنسين (85 من الذكور والإناث 61) تتراوح أعمارهم بين 20-59

Background: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is a family of autosomal recessive disorders of cortisol biosynthesis. Depending on the enzymatic step that is deficient, there may be signs, symptoms, and laboratory findings of mineralocorticoid deficiency or excess; incomplete virilization or premature puberty in affected males; and virilization or sexual infantilism in affected females. The most frequent is 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency, accounting for more than 90% of cases.
Objectives: to review cases of congenital adrenal hyperplasia registered in children welfare teaching hospital- medical city- Baghdad.
Patients and method: This study included all patients who were presented and registered in the e

Background: Although the issue of anemia after renal transplantation (RT) has received increasing attention lately, the data on the exact prevalence of post-transplantation anemia (PTA) in the Iraqi patients are limited.
Objective: In this study we sought to determine the prevalence of PTA among Iraqi patients and to correlate the renal allograft function measurements and the use of immunosuppressant with the prevalence of anemia.
Patients and Methods: One hundred and twelve (74 male, 38 female) kidney transplant recipients (KTR) attending the kidney transplant center at surgical specialties hospital were studied. All patients were on maintenance, combined immunosuppressive therapy. The renal function

Background: one of the complications of rigid bronchoscope is the cardiovascular responses that may carry a dangerous drawback during and after the procedure. Prevention and control of these events will be crucial, especially for the old and cardiovascular debilitated patients.
Objective: The study aims to control and attenuate the unwanted hemodynamic responses to the rigid bronchoscpe using intravenous lidocaim and GTN.
Method: a study was performed on three groups of patients undergone a diagnostic procedure of bronchoscope. Each group consists of 20 patients at the same age and relatively similar pathology. The three groups (group one, two and three) received lidocaine, glyceryltrinitrate and no drug re

الخلفية: يعتبر سرطان القولون ذو انتشار كثير في مناطق شمال اوربا, واميركا الشمالية وبريطانيا العظمى ولكن بنسب قليلة في افريقيا واسيا واميركا الجنوبية. هنالك الكثير من المعلمات المناعية التي تتفاعل مع انسجة القولون, فان كثير من سرطان القلون والمستقيم يتفاعل مع (mucin), كذلك يتفاعل سرطان القولون والمستقيم مع (cytokeratins) , وايضا مع CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN (CEA).

وهناك الكثير من المعلمات الخر

الخلفية: سابقا كان داء السكري من النوع الاول من بين اسباب تاخر النمو الشديد. العراق تعرض للحروب والصراعات التي اثرت على الخدمات الصحية والتي بدورها اثرت على حالة السكر في الدم لمرضى السكري.

الهدف: تقديم تقريرعن نمو الاطفال المصابين بالسكري في العراق بعد انتهاء الصراع.

طريقة البحث: شملت الدراسة 100طفل مصاب بداء السكري من النوع الاول وا

خلفية البحث:الكتل الحوضية شائعة في النساء ويمكن أن تحدث  في أي عمر من حياة المرأة، يمكن أن تكون حميدة أو كتلة خبيثة ويمكن أن تنشأ من الأعضاء التناسلية الأنثوية مثل عنق الرحم، الرحم، ملحقات الرحم، أو من أجهزة الحوض الأخرى مثل الأمعاء والمثانة والحالب والهيكل العظمي العضلات، والعظام.

 الهدف من الدراسه : تحديد كل من الزيادة في عدد الصفائح الدموية (&g

الخلفية: الاكتئاب واحد من نتائج التعرض الى الحروب وانواع العنف. وفي العراق تعرض السكان الى حروب عديدة، وانتشار واسع للعنف. كما اشارت دراسات عديدة الى انتشار واسع للاكتئاب. 

الهد ف: تحديد انتشار الاكتئاب بين النساء في منطقه عالية الازدحام بالسكان، مدينة الصدر- بغداد .

الطرق: دراسه مقطعيه مستعرضة شملت440 امراءه منمرافقات للمرضى المرا

Background: Several factors render chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) an interesting subject for study by researchers. These include marked progress in understanding the molecular biology of normal and neoplastic lymphocytes and recent advances in molecular genetics techniques. Among molecular markers, p53 cancer suppressor gene and the antiapoptotic gene Bcl-2 have been widely studied. 
Patients and methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study done on 60 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia compared with 20 controls (anemic patients), all recruited at the Medical City Teaching Hospital laboratories from January 2004 to December 2007. The bone marrow biopsy of each was re-examined histologica

Background: Except for the tight correlation to nasopharyngeal carcinoma, accumulating evidences show that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is correlated to other carcinomas. This study was to investigate the association of EBV with colorectal tumors.
Materials & methods: Forty paraffin embedded blocks of colorectal tumors (thirty were adenocarcinoma and ten were benign tumors) were all examined for the presence of EBV DNA with
the application of In Situ hybridization.
Results: In Situ EBV DNA signals was detected in 6 out of 30 (20%) of colorectal carcinoma with no observed signals in the sections from benign group.
Conclusion: Our results showed that infection of EBV exists in human colorectal adenocarcinoma

Background: Idiopathic autoimmune thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) is an isolated thrombocytopenia in a patient with no clinically apparent associated conditions or factors that can
cause thrombocytopenia. The syndrome of ITP is caused by platelet-specific auto-antibodies that bind to autologous platelets. The diagnosis of ITP is usually a diagnosis of exclusion based on a demonstration of peripheral thrombocytopenia. Steroids are the conventional first-line therapy for adult ITP. Most patients demonstrate a response to steroids within 2 to 4 weeks, but a late response is possible.
Patients and Methods: A prospective study on 50 patients with diagnosis consistent with ITP, initially treated by steroid, p

Background: Seizures in the neonatal period are common. They can present as focal clonic, focal tonic, myoclonic, generalized tonic and subtle seizures. They can be caused by a variety of
conditions, ranging from benign self-limited illnesses to severe life-threatening disorders.
Patients and methods: A prospective study included 75 neonates with seizures in the first 28 days of life were admitted to neonatal care unit in Children Welfare Teaching Hospital from January 15th 2009 to August 15th 2009. A Full history was obtained and patients were examined by a specialist in the neonatal care unit and the researcher. Laboratory investigations and neuroimaging studies were done for all patients.
Results: Out

Background: This study has been performed to detect any structural changes in the testes of rabbits that have been exposed to formaldehyde vapor.
Materials and Methods: Eighteen male rabbits has been used in this study, 12 of them were exposed to formalin vapor for 2 month, while the other 6 were exposed to the vapor of distilled water for 2 month too. All animals were killed at the end of experiments, and then pieces of testes were prepared for light microscopic examination. Sections were collected from the paraffin wax blocks and stained by H & E and finally examined by Olympus light microscope.
Results: Most of the seminiferous tubules from the formaldehyde exposed group were atrophied with no e

Background: Physical exercise is essential for performance of the immune system. The integrity of immune response is dependent on the intensity and duration of the exercise performed. During exercise the metabolic and hormonal changes that occurred can induce lymphocyte apoptosis. Dehydroepiandrosteron sulphate (DHEAS) is one of the hormones that is affected by exercise, it is an androgen released from the adrenal cortex in response to adrenocortiocotropin releasing hormone (ACTH). DHEAS is regarded as an anti-aging hormone; it is primarily immune enhancing, providing some degree of counterbalance to the potentially detrimental effects of catecholamine and cortisol which are immunosuppressive if chronic

Background: Traditionally, evaluation of the results of immunohistochemistry was done by visual quantification.
Materials and methods: for reliable evaluation, more time-efficient and user friendly method we used simple computer program with image analysis options as independent parameters for reading positive results. To test the validity of visually scored results, we compare and correlate the results of Digital image analysis (DIA) variables with the visual scores of 280 pictures taken from entire stained glioma tumor sections for Bcl-2 and P53 oncoproteins in different glioma tumor grades.
Results: In this study, rates expression of both oncoproteins was evaluated visually in glioma tumor samples (

Background: Identification the relationship of pepsinogen test (pepsinogenI and I /pepsinogen II ratio) and gastric cancer patients make the gastric cancer early diagnosed and prolong the life surviving rate.
Patients and Methods: Serum pepsinogen I and pepsinogen II (PG I and PG I / PG II ratio) measured in 50 patients with gastric cancer ,30 gastritis patients diagnosed , and 16 healthy control by using enzyme immunoassay in those study groups, and the results of PG I and PG I / PG II ratio were comparing to 50 gastric cancer patients whom diagnosed histopathologically according the stomach regions, while the gastritis patients diagnosed endoscopically.
Results: This study showed that the age of pati

Background Tinea versicolor is a common dermatological problem worldwide in distribution, caused by dimorphic fungus called Malassezia furfur, they exist at the very interface between
commensal and pathogen and, as such, their interaction with the human immune system is of great interest. Immuno-inflamatory activity mediated by different cytokines could have a role in the etiology of tinea versicolor.
Patients and Method: The study covered 46 subjects .It comprised 26 patients with TV compared with 20 healthy normal controls. Serum IL-6 analysis was done by ELISA.
Results: The level of IL-6 was elevated in patients with tinea versicolor, when compared with healthy control
Conclusion: IL-6 increases du

Background: Tympanometry findings are considered by many investigators to be associated with passive and active smoking.
Patients and methods: One hundred forty healthy adult men aged (20-50 years). 70 smokers and 70 nonsmokers were recruited for the study. The examination included otoscopy, and screening tympanometry. Smoking history was ascertained by self –report. For each subject, age, smoking status and number of cigarettes per day were noted.
Results: There is a tendency for more negative middle ear pressure in smokers than in non-smokers though this difference may not clinically significant. There were no significant differences in ear canal volume, middle ear compliance and presence of Staped

Background: Gastric mucosal injury induced by NSAIDs is a major adverse effect of this group of medications, and it is no surprise that protection against such injury has become an important challenge for a better understanding of the mechanisms involved.
Materials and methods: This study was conducted on 40 adult male albino rats , divided into 4 groups, the first served as a control received the vehicle , the second received indomethacin orally of 60mg/kg .The third was pretreated 30 minutes prior indomethacin with omeprazole 40mg/kg orally. The fourth was given intraperitoneal L-NAME 20mg/kg plus omeprazole to investigate a possible protective role of nitric oxide. The rats were then sacrificed after 4