Background: Open access gastroduodenoscopy allows general practitioners to request gastroduodenoscopy without prior referral to a specialist. Endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract in experienced hands has definite advantages over conventional barium-meal examination.
Patients and Methods: A total of 266 patients who were referred directly from general practitioner or a specialist attending for esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) to the Endoscopy Unit At Al-Kindi Teaching Hospital from September- 2008 to Feb-2010 as an open access policy. Six inclusion criteria were used to include patients in our study group , while 136 patients had underwent EGD were referred from outpatient clinics of the hospital

Background: Bone healing of fractures is still an open field for research due to its biological complexity. Adequately adapted experimental model is essential for understanding the factors
influencing the biological process of bone healing. Rabbits provide a good animal model for bone healing studies; its bone had Haversian system similar to human.
Material and Methods: Six young locally breaded New Zeeland male rabbits were used in this study, the study conducted in animal house in college of medicine at November and December 2009. Surgical fracture (osteotomy) induced operatively in right ulna under general anesthesia by a hand saw. At the end of fifth weeks, the animals' scarified and the specimens taken

Background: foreign bodies Inhalation still a common problem in Iraq, occurring in both lay and professional segments of our society. Their successful removal is based on a collected experience of our thoracic surgical teams.
Patients&Methods: A prospective study of two hundred forty eight patients referred to the department of thoracic surgery of the surgical subspecialties hospital of the medical city teaching complex during the year (2007) due to witnessed or suspicion of foreign body inhalation. Patients were grouped into group 1 with definite history of foreign body inhalation and group 2 with no such history.
Results: In group 1, out of 203(81.85%) patients, about 169(83.25%) patients were pr

Background:
Angiogenesis plays a crucial role in tumorigensis; several reports have described a significant increase in microvessel density (MVD) in colorectal carcinogenesis There are
several methods to measure the angiogenesis in neoplasms, but immunohitochemistry seems to be the mainstay of all. This method enable us to measure the tumor microvessel densities highlighted by using antibodies directed against endothelial cell markers like CD31,CD34 or others; then assessment of MVD by manual count of the number of microvessels in what appears to be the most vascular area of the tumor(called the hot spot) using a protocol described by Weidner et al.Automated cellular imaging system is used to analyze

Background: TIDM is known to be polygenic disease that appears from the interaction of mutation in multiple genes including HLA. The autoimmune mediated destruction of
pancreatic β-cells is reflected by the presence of autoantibodies against prominent antigens in the pancreatic β-cells.
Objective: This study was designed to investigate the role of HLA-class I and class II antigens in the etiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and also assessment of
glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) autoantibodies in the patients at the onset of the disease.
Patients & Methods: Sixty T1DM patients who were newly onset of the disease (diagnosed less than five months) were selected. Eighty apparently healthy

Objective:
To assess the subjective rating of quality of life of college students in University Of Science And Technology in Jordan as a sample of healthy educated
young population through applying the WHOQOL-BREF instrument as a field trial in Jordan and to compare the finding with similar previous study.
Methods
Three hundreds forms of Arabic version of the self-reporting questionnaire WHOQOL-BREF were distributed to students of third class attending the lecture
halls in three colleges (college of Engineering, college of science, college of  medicine) in the university campus in AL Ramtha–Jordan from the first of March
to first of may 2007., with respect to university regulations,interested parti

Background:To evaluate the accuracy of serum uric acid to predict maternal and fetal complications in women with pre- eclampsia.
Design: Prospective study. Setting: Tikrit Teaching Hospital.
Subject and Methods: Fifty normotensive and forty-three pre-eclamptic pregnant women at (20-24) weeks of gestation were the study subject, serum concentrations of uric acid
were measured and examine the correlations between serum uric acid level with fetal and maternal complications.
Result: Serum concentration of uric acid in pre-eclamptic women were significantly higher than in gestational age match normotensive pregnant women, and women with pre-eclampsia
and elevated uric acid concentration at increased risk of

Background: Acute inflammatory demylinating polyneuropathy (Guillain-Barr'e syndrome) is the commonest cause of acute neuromuscular paralysis in most countries. The onset of symptoms in patients with GBS can either be acute or sub acute .Ventilatory failure is primarily caused by inspiratory muscles weakness although weakness of abdominal and accessory muscles of respiration, retained airway secretion leading to aspiration and atelectasis are all contributing factors. Nutritional support of critically sick children is important for metabolic maintenance and
tissue repair.
Methods: To identify clinical and respiratory features associated with progression to respiratory failure in children with GBS. Twen

Introduction:
Neonatal Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) remains one of the major cause's neonatal morbidity and mortality despite advances in perinatal care especially in developed
countries.
Objectives:
The aims of this study were to find out me risk factors of mothers and newborns (NB) which increase the incidence, morbidity, and mortality of RDS.
Patients & Methods:
A prospective descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 live NR infants born at neonatal care units in Baghdad hospital & private nursing home (medical city
complex) / Baghdad in the period from the first of March to the end of June 2006. They were presented with RDS, which was diagnosed clinically and radio-

Background: streptococcal pneumonia is one of the most common pathogens that cause otolaryngological disease.

Background : From the standpoint of mortality &morbidity, cancer is by far the most important clinical problem that concerns the breast today .The age adjusted incidence of new cases has been increasing steadily with increase in the incidence among the Iraqi women during the last few years .
Materials &method : A prospective study was arranged to assess the occurrence of postsurgical loco-regional recurrence of breast carcinoma in the Iraqi female patients , a total
number of 91 female patients were assessed during period from Dec.2000 to Dec.2002, the 
median period of follow up was two years.
Result : Loco-regional recurrence developed in 20 patients (22%). Chest wall and axilla were th

Background: Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) is the most polymorphic genetic system in man. The genes of this region influence susceptibility to certain disease.
Objectives: This study was established to shed light on the possible association of HLA class I and II antigens with RV patients.
Patients and Methods: Lymphocytotoxicity assay for HLA for class I and II typing had been done for (100) Iraqi patients suffering from rheumatic valvulitis (RV), the control groups consisting of (75 healthy individuals and 35 non rheumatic heart disease (NRHD) patients ).
Results: The results showed a significant association of A33-Ags with these patients as compared with healthy and cardiac controls (P=0.005), (P=0.033)

Background: Reports denote that changes in day length enhance or suppress components of immune function in several mammalian species. The aim of present experimental study is
directed to test the hypothesis deals with the effect of photoperiods on some immune limbs responsiveness.
Materials and Methods: Twenty six male and female BALB/C mice, 5-7 weeks old, 14- 18gm weight divided into two groups, test groups (n.=8 mice for each sex) and control
groups (n.=5 for each sex). Test groups were kept in a dark room for a month, while control groups were kept in a room where the photoperiod was day light: darkness 12:12hr. All
studied groups immunized with o.2ml (10% sheep red blood cells) on day 4 and 8 of the l

المقدمه:  يُعرَّف العقم بأنه عدم قدرة الأزواج المصابين بالعقم على الحمل بعد عام واحد على الأقل من الجماع غير المحمي ، حيث تمثل العوامل الذكورية نصف الحالات الموثقة تقريبًا. تم تحديد عدة أسباب لعقم الذكور ، ولكن السبب الحقيقي في غالبية الحالات غير معروف.

الاهداف: دراسة تأثيرن-استيل سستين على معاملات السائل المنوي في المرضى الذين يعانون من قلة,وهن وامساخ الحيوانات ا

الملخص

خلفية: تسبب فيروس كورونا 2  في   في جائحة مرض فيروس كورونا 2019 التي اثرت على العالم . تصيب متلازمة التهاب الجهاز التنفسي الشديد الخلية المضيفة باستخدام الإنزيم المحول للأنجيوتنسين 2  كمستقبل له. يعتبر ابلين أو محفزة المستقبلات تأثيرًا وقائيًا في الكوفيد-19من خلال قمع إنتاج الإنزيم المحول للأنجيوتنسين  وإنتاج الأنجيوتنسين 2 (Ang-II).

الهدف: هدفت الدراسة إلى تق

خلفية الدراسة: الولادة المبكرة والخداجة المتعلقة بها لها عوامل مهيئة وبالتالي ازدياد معدل المراضة والوفيات في الفترة المحيطة بالولادة. متفاعلات الطور الحاد هي علامات التهاب التي تكون اما موجبة او سالبة تفسر بتفاعل المتفاعلات للاخماج التحت السريرية والتي تكون عادة مرتبطة مع الولادة المبكرة .

الهدف من الدراسة: تقييم دور متفاعلات الطور الحاد في النساء الحوامل مع الولادة

Background: Hypertension is a chronic illness that affects one billion people both in high and low-income countries and is the most common risk factor for death throughout the world. It is also responsible for stroke, ischemic heart disease, heart, and kidney failure in addition to its huge effect on the economy. Like many developing countries, Iraq is undergoing a transitional epidemiological period with increasing burden of hypertension and its contributing risk factors e.g. unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, obesity, hyperg

Background: Periodontal disease increases local and systemic inflammatory responses in pregnant women, which may lead to premature delivery.

Objectives: To detect maternal serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukine-6, interleukin-8) with preterm delivery in pregnant women suffering from gingivitis.

Methods: In this case-control study, a total of 85 pregnant women were included in the study, of whom 55 had gingivitis: 25 preterm deliveries and 30 full-term deliveries. Thirty healthy pregnant women with healthy gingiva were in the control group. They were selected from Al-Ramadi Teaching Hospital for Gynaecology and Paediatrics, from November 202

الخلفية: نظرًا لارتفاع معدلات الإصابة والوفاة ، تعد سمنة المراهقين والاكتئاب من أكثر اهتمامات الصحة العامة شهرة على مستوى العالم.  هذه الدراسة تهدف إلى فهم العلاقة بين مؤشر كتلة الجسم والاكتئاب خاصة عند الفتيات العراقيات.

هدف الدراسة: فحص مستوى الاكتئاب لدى الفتيات المراهقات وتحديد العلاقة بين الاكتئاب ومؤشر كتلة الجسم لدى المراهقات العراقيات.

طرق البحث:عن طريق استبي

Background Insulin works to control blood sugar levels by sending signals to liver, muscle and fat cells to bring in sugar out of the blood. Obesity, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia are only a few of the interconnected metabolic disorders that are frequently linked to these diseases.    A statistical procedure called the Homeometric Assessment Model (HOMA) is used to determine the insulin resistance and pancreatic cell activity. (HOMA - IR). Both are determined using insulin and fasting plasma glucose (FPG), but utilizing different formulas. Although investigations based on a modified version of HOMA using connective peptide concentrate (C-peptide) are shown, they are extremely scarce.<

Background: Klebsiella oxytoca is a Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium that is becoming resistant to multiple drugs and is frequently endangering patients' lives. It is a member of the human microbiota.

Objectives: To assess the value of identifying K. oxytoca using an automated diagnostic system (VITEK-2) as compared to traditional manual methods.

Methods: From July to November 2022, 136 clinical specimens were collected from patients in Baghdad hospitals. The VITEK-2 system was used to recognize the isolated bacteria to the genus and species levels. The biochemical indole test was used as a confirmatory test at the species level.

Results:

ألخلفية : قلة ألكريات ألبيضاء عند ألمرضى ألمصابين بسرطانات ألدم تعد من ألعوامل ألخطيرة للأصابة بالالتهابات ألرئوية وألتي قد تكون مميتة، وهناك ضرورة لاجراء ألفحوصات ألطبية ومن ضمنها ألشعاعية.

ألغاية من ألبحث : مقارنة نتائج ألفحص ألشعاعي مع ألأشعة ألمقطعية للصدرعند ألمرضى ألمصابين بنقص ألكريات ألبيضاء وألحمى .

طريقة اجراء ألبحث

المقدمة: الشرث مشكلة جلدية شائعة. تتوفر أساليب مختلفة من العلاج مع نتائج متضاربة. لايوجد علاج فعال وحيد مقبول عالمياً.

الهدف: لتقييم فعالية تادالافيل، وذلك مقارنة مع بينتوكسيفيليني أو البردنيزولون في علاج الشرث

المرضى والطرق: محاولة موازنة علاجية أجريت في قسم الأمراض الجلدية، مستشفى بغداد، بغداد، العراق، بين تشرين الثاني 2011، وآذار

Background: The metabolism of many trace elements, such as chromium, copper, and manganese, was reported to be altered in type 2 diabetes mellitus. This element may have specific roles in the pathogenesis and progress of this disease.

Objectives: To evaluate the serum levels of copper, chromium, and manganese in type 2 diabetic patients in Iraq. 

Methods: This case-control study included 100 type 2 diabetic patients, 35-60 years old, with high BMI as cases, and 100 non-diabetic subjects as controls who were healthy volunteers not suffering from type 2 diabetes (staff and students). The data was collected from October 2022 until January 2023. The cases were seen in the Diab

Background: Except for the tight correlation to nasopharyngeal carcinoma, accumulating evidences show that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is correlated to other carcinomas. This study was to investigate the association of EBV with colorectal tumors.
Materials & methods: Forty paraffin embedded blocks of colorectal tumors (thirty were adenocarcinoma and ten were benign tumors) were all examined for the presence of EBV DNA with
the application of In Situ hybridization.
Results: In Situ EBV DNA signals was detected in 6 out of 30 (20%) of colorectal carcinoma with no observed signals in the sections from benign group.
Conclusion: Our results showed that infection of EBV exists in human colorectal adenocarcinoma

خلفية الموضوع: يعتبر فهم عوامل الخطورة المرتبطة باصابات موقع العمل عنصرا جوهريا لتصميم وتنفيذ التدابير الوقائية لمثل هذه الاصابات التي تعتبر مصدرا هاما من مصادر العجز والوفيات والخسائرالاجتماعية والاقتصادية في جميع انحاء العالم.

الهدف: وصف حالات الاصابات المهنية تبعا انموذج الشخص والمكان والوقت.

المواد وطرائق العمل: ا

خلفية الدراسة: اللشمانيا الاحشائية مرض يصيب الجهاز الطلائي الشبكي البطاني يؤثر هذا المرض على النظام المناعي لجسم الانسان كما انه قد يعمل على احداث تغيير واضح في تراكيز ومستويات بعض المعادن الضئيلة كالنحاس .

الاهداف: تقييم مستويات وتراكيز كل من  IL-10  و γ IFN-   وCu  للاطفال المصابين باللشمانيا الاحشائية بعد تشخيص اصابتهم بالمرض باستخدام كل من اختبار المستضد ال

Background: This study has been performed to detect any structural changes in the testes of rabbits that have been exposed to formaldehyde vapor.
Materials and Methods: Eighteen male rabbits has been used in this study, 12 of them were exposed to formalin vapor for 2 month, while the other 6 were exposed to the vapor of distilled water for 2 month too. All animals were killed at the end of experiments, and then pieces of testes were prepared for light microscopic examination. Sections were collected from the paraffin wax blocks and stained by H & E and finally examined by Olympus light microscope.
Results: Most of the seminiferous tubules from the formaldehyde exposed group were atrophied with no e

Background: Physical exercise is essential for performance of the immune system. The integrity of immune response is dependent on the intensity and duration of the exercise performed. During exercise the metabolic and hormonal changes that occurred can induce lymphocyte apoptosis. Dehydroepiandrosteron sulphate (DHEAS) is one of the hormones that is affected by exercise, it is an androgen released from the adrenal cortex in response to adrenocortiocotropin releasing hormone (ACTH). DHEAS is regarded as an anti-aging hormone; it is primarily immune enhancing, providing some degree of counterbalance to the potentially detrimental effects of catecholamine and cortisol which are immunosuppressive if chronic

Background: Traditionally, evaluation of the results of immunohistochemistry was done by visual quantification.
Materials and methods: for reliable evaluation, more time-efficient and user friendly method we used simple computer program with image analysis options as independent parameters for reading positive results. To test the validity of visually scored results, we compare and correlate the results of Digital image analysis (DIA) variables with the visual scores of 280 pictures taken from entire stained glioma tumor sections for Bcl-2 and P53 oncoproteins in different glioma tumor grades.
Results: In this study, rates expression of both oncoproteins was evaluated visually in glioma tumor samples (