Background: Cytokines are the messengers of the immune system.They are mostly secreted by macrophages and lymphocytes and their production is induced in response to injury or infections.
Objective: Biopsy speciemens from the middle body of the stomach were obtained from 18 patients with gastric carcinoma, 32 patients with atrophic gastritis, 50 patients with chronic gastritis and 20 healthy subjects and IL-8 and IL-1B levels were detrmined.
Methods: Sandwich-type enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit was used to determine the IL-8 and IL-1B levels.
Results: IL-8 and IL-1B levels were significantly higher in gastric carcinoma patients than patients with atrophic gastritis and both significantly higher than healthy subjects.
C

Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common cause of anovulation during reproductive life.Resistin can increase ovarian androgen production by directly stimulating ovarian theca cell or indirectly by augmenting pancreatic – B cell production of insulin.
Patients and Methods: Sixty patients with PCOS who were non diabetic and not taking any medicine for the last three months were involved in the study .Thirty normal fertile female serves as control group. Fasting blood samples were aspirated from all individuals from 3rd - 6th day of the menstrual cycle to measure resistin, insulin, glucose, LH, FSH, TT3, TT4, Prolactin , Total Testosterone and lipid profile, by ELISA and rou

مقدمة:الكسر الخلعي عند المفصل بين الفقرات الصدريه مع الفقرات القطنية الناتج عن شدة خارجية ذات طاقة شديدة مباشرة أو غير مباشرة  عادة يتم علاجها بتثبيت يصل الى ثلاث فقرات. تثبيت الفقرات باستعمال جزء صغير من العمود الفقري لديه فوائد عديدة منها قصر وقت العملية اضافة لتقليل العوامل النفسية والوظيفية التي تسبب عوق مابعد العملية مع المضاعفات في موقع العمليه في الجسم نفسه.

الهدف من ألبحث ت

خلفية الموضوع: العلاقة بين التغير الوراثي رقم 308 لعامل تنخر الخلايا السرطانية نوع الفا ومرض السكري النوع الثاني يبقى مصدر جدل واختلاف في الاصول وانماط الحياة التي تلعب دور مهم في هذا التضارب.

الهدف :لبحث دور التغير الوراثي رقم 308 في عامل تنخر الخلايا السرطانية نوع الفا مع مرض السكري النوع الثاني ومعيار كتلة الجسم في هؤلاء المرضى.

طرائق العمل: الدراسة الحالية تضمنت خمسون مر

خلفية البحث:  إن جراحة تثبيت العمود الفقري باستخدام مسمار قدم الفقرات أصبحت من الوسائل الشائعة في جراحه العمود الفقري. رغم التطور الذي في تقنيات و تصاميم وسائل هذه ألجراحه و استخدام التصوير ألشعاعي إثناء هذه ألجراحه لازالت هنالك احتماليه وضع هذا المسمار في غير موضعه الصحيح محدثا ثقوبا في قشره قدم الفقرات مهددا أصابه الأحشاء العصبية و الوعائية ما حول الفقرات.

ال

خلفية البحث :- عمال صناعة النسيج يتعرضون بصورة رئيسية لمختلف الإصباغ السامة ,المواد القاصرة ,الأملاح, الأحماض,القلويات والمعادن الثقيلة مثل الزرنيخ من خلال الأبخرة واستنشاقها من قبل العمال أو التماس المباشر مع الجلد خلال  عملية  تثبيت الألوان على النسيج واحتمالية التأثير الصحي الضار خلال عملية الطباعة على النسيج.

أهداف الدراسة :-لتقيم التأثير الصحي البس

الخلفية: مشاكل القدم السكري هي واحده من أهم مضاعفات مرض السكري الذي يسبب اعتلال ذو كلفة عالية في جميع انحاء العالم والتي يمكن ان تعزى إلى سوء الممارسات الذاتية عند المريض.

الأهداف: تقييم الممارسات الوقائية للعناية بالقدم بين وسط مرضي السكري وأيجاد اي ارتباط ذا معنى احصائي لهذه الممارسات بالخصائص الاجتماعيه-الديمغرافية او بالخضائض ذات الصلة بمرض السكري.

خلفية علمية: استئصال القولون بالمنظار تجرى في إعداد متزايدة في الكثير من مراكز الجراحة المنظارية للامراض الحميدة والخبيثة للقولون حيث انها تتيح صورة تشريحية واضحة للمنطقة وخاصة للمرضى الذين يعانون من ورم المستقيم الأوسط والمنخفض.

الهدف من الدراسة: تحديد النتائج الأولية للمرضى الذين أجريت لهم استئصال المستقيم بالناظور باستخدام الدباسة ((radial reload 

Background: Tetralogy of Fallot TOF is the most common cause of congenital cyanotic heart disease. It is the most common congenital lesion that is likely to result in survival to adulthood and encountered in adult after repair. Tetralogy of Fallot comprises around 7.5 % of all congenital heart diseases in Iraq.
Objective: The aim of this study is to analyse the transatrial strategy for total correction of tetralogy of Fallot TOF.
Methods: Cross-sectional study was done during the period between 2012-2014 for twenty-four patients that admitted to Ibn Al-Bitar hospital in Baghdad with amenable TOF pathology for transatrial repair.
Results: Twenty-four patients, 16 were males and 8 were females. Ages ranged from 2-31 years. There w

Background: Beta-oxidation of fatty acids takes place in the mitochondria to produce energy. This process is linked to the formation of free radicals. Previous researches propose that some fatty acids may be related to mitochondrial dysfunction, as they induce oxidative stress.

Objectives: To examine the correlation between follicular fluid fatty acids and relative cell-free mitochondrial DNA in the follicular fluid in women experiencing intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).

Methods: Fifty women subjected to ICSI participated in this cross-sectional research. Follicular fluid samples were obtained during oocyte pick-up.

المقدمة: الإصابة بفيروس التهاب الكبد الوبائي (سي) هو أحد الأسباب الرئيسية لأمراض الكبد المزمنة، قدرت منظمة الصحة العالمية أن حوالي 170 مليون شخص مصابون بالتهاب الكبد الوبائي (سي)، ثبت مؤخرا أن سيليمارين (ليكالون) فعال في علاج التهاب الكبد الوبائي (سي).

الاهداف: فعالية سيليمارين (ليكالون) على الحمل الفيروسي في المرضى الذين يعانون من التهاب الكبد الوبائي (سي).

الهدف: هو تسجيل حالة دبوس اخترق الفم، اختراق قاعدة الجمجمة والمنطقة العنقية العليا، والتي نادرا ما تذكر في البحوث الطبيه، ومقارنتها مع الدراسات الأخرى التي تقدم تقارير مماثلة.

ويسرد الباحث تفاصيل الحاله السريريه و الشعاعية, و نهج العمليات الجراحية في مثل هذه الحاله.

تم التأكد من التشخيص بالأشعة السينية والتصوير المقطعي العادي مع دراسة العظم. و تم اجر

الخلفية:

ان مرض  ابيضاض الدم الليمفاوي المزمن  CLL))  هو سرطان من الدرجة المنخفضة للخلايا اللمفاوية نوع بي. وفى عدد من الدراسات وجد إن كلا من 67 k وهو بروتين كبير موجود في نواة الخلية وهومرتبط مع تكاثر الخلايا  و  الجين الورمي –     Bcl2المقترن باختلال توازن المسار الجوهري للموت المبرمج للخلايا ,  يرتبطان بسوء التكهن ومقاومة الاستجابة للعلاج الكيميائ

الخلفية : داء السكري النوع الأول هو نوع من داء السكري الناتج من تحطم مناعي ذاتي لنوع من خلايا البنكرياس الفارزة للأنسولين التي تؤدي إلى النقص ألدائمي للأنسولين, يصنف النوع الأول من داء السكر إما إيجابي أو سلبي بالنسبة إلى الأجسام المضادةالذاتيه المختلفة ذات صلة بوظيفة البنكرياس .ومن الأجسام المضادة حمض أنتي كلوتامك دي كربوكسيليز يميز باعتباره واحدا من  العلامات المصلية الرئيسية   لداء

Background: Pre-eclampsia is culmination of a multi-step process that related in part to elevated oxidative stress and associated with hyperurecimia.
Patients and methods: Thirty normotensive and hundred pre-eclamptic pregnant women attending to Al-Basra hospital of pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology were participated in this study. The patients were randomized into six groups. They were treated with methyldopa alone, methyldopa plus vitamin C, methyldopa plus vitamin E, methyldopa plus vitamin C and E, and methyldopa plus allopurinol. The oxidative stress (MDA), renal function parameters, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were evaluated before treatment and 14 day after initiation of therapy.
R

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome is the most common cause of anovulation, and the number of antral follicles is of great importance in determining ovarian reserve, so identification of patients with diminished ovarian reserve help in choosing individualized and well managed ovulation induction protocol. The aim of the study is to find out if the number of ovarian antral follicles could affect the amount of gonadotropins used in ovarian stimulation in polycystic ovarian patients.
Patients and methods: Ninty four infertile polycystic ovaries women, attending the infertility clinic at Baghdad teaching hospital, during the period of November 2005 to October 2006, were compared to 62 control group women w

Background: “The absolute refractory” period is the time interval during which the nerve fiber is in capable of conducting another impulse after a conditioning stimulus and the determination of the refractory period distribution in a nerve can give a good idea about the characteristics of the conducting fibers constituting that nerve as it reflects their excitability and could be used as a sensitive  indicator for the ability of the nerve fiber to conduct pairs of closely spaced impulses.
Methods: The new collision test was used to measure precisely the absolute motor refractory period and the paired shock technique to measure the absolute sensory refractory period in the ulnar nerves of 167 normal in

Background: Inflammation contributes across the spectrum of cardiovascular disease, including the earliest steps in atherogenesis. Myocardial Infarction (MI) is most commonly due to occlusion (blockage) of a coronary artery following the rupture of a vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque. It has been suggested that the adipose tissue may play an important role in mediating this chronic inflammatory process, human resistin, is a 12.5-kDa protein, it found in the inflammatory zone. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine, it secreted by T cells and macrophages to stimulate immune response. C-reactive protein (CRP) is a protein found in the blood, the levels of CRP rise in response to inflammation.

Background: Delayed interval cholecystectomy can be performed to overcome the logistical difficulties in performing ‘early urgent’ laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) within 72 hours of
admission with acute cholecystitis (AC), and to avoid earlier re-admission with recurrent AC in patients waiting ‘delayed interval’ cholecystectomy.
Objectives: To evaluate the safety and feasibility of ‘delayed urgent’ LC performed beyond 72 hours.
Methods: Patients admitted with AC were scheduled for urgent LC. Patients who underwent ‘early urgent’ LC were compared with those who had ‘delayed urgent’ surgery.
Results: Fifty consecutive patients underwent urgent LC for AC within 2 weeks of admission. Ther

Background: Helicobacter pylori represents the major etiologic agent of gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcer disease and can cause gastric cancer. Diagnostic testing for Helicobacter pylori can be divided into invasive and non-invasive techniques based upon the need for endoscopy. Serological test is one of the non – invasive tests although measuring these antibodies is not reliable method of diagnosis but may be used in certain condition.
Objectives: To evaluate serum IgG antibodies against Helicobacter pylori by ELISA technique.
Patients and Methods: The current study consisted of 115 patients (74 males, 41 females) attending The Gastrointestinal tract Center and Gastroscopy department in Baghdad Medical City and was subjected

Background: the different roles of cytokines IL-4, IL-10, IL-12p40, IFN- during acute toxoplasmosis disease in pregnant women.

أنتفاخ الفص الرئوي الخلقي هي من الحالات النادرة ولكن الخطيرة والتي تتطلب تشخيص وعلاج مبكر وهي عادة ما تظهر نفسها بوقت مبكر بعد الولادة.

منهجية وطرائق البحث:  هذه دراسة بأثر رجعي تهدف الى أعادة النظر والتقييم لمنهجية العلاج لحالات الأنتفاخ الفص الرئوي الخلقي التي تمت في قسم جراحة الصدر والأوعية الدموية في مدينة الطب التعليمية وتهدف أيضاً الى تثبيت وتوثيق المشاهدات

الخلفيه:

ان هذا البحث يعمد الى دراسة فعالية الفحص بالأمواج فوق الصوتيه المهبلي بعد حقن كمية من المحلول الملحي المتعادل في تقييم امراض بطانة الرحم لحالات النزف بعد سن اليأس .

المرضى والطرق: خلال الفترة مابين تشرين الثاني 2011 ولغاية شهر أيار 2012 في مستشفى بغداد التعليمي التابع لمدينة ا لطب .تم تحري 40 مريضة تعاني من النزف الرحمي بعد سن اليأس بأستخد

Background:Varicoceles, present in 15% to 20% of men, are the most common abnormal finding among men presenting with infertility, yet controversy exists regarding their etiology. Anecdotal experience suggests that varicoceles are more prevalent in lean men, supporting the "nutcracker" effect of the superior mesenteric artery compressing the left renal vein over the aorta.
Materials and methods: A total of 206 males with varicocele attending the urological out patient clinic were evaluated from their physical screening examinations. All subjects underwent history taking and physical examinations to evaluate for the presence and severity of varicocele ht,weight and BMI, those compared with 206 men without v

Background: Indeterminate colitis (IC) originally referred to those 10–15% of cases of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in which there was difficulty distinguishing between ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) in the colectomy specimen and histopathology examination. However, IC is increasingly used when a definitive diagnosis of UC or CD cannot be made at colonoscopy examination, colonic biopsies or at colectomy. The diagnostic difficulties may explain the variably reported prevalence of IC. Clinically, most patients with IC evolve to a definite diagnosis of UC or CD on follow up.
Patients and methods: PATIENTS GROUP: Consisted of 80 patients with indeterminate colitis (IC), their ag

Background: β-thalassemia major is a genetic disorder characterized by reduced rate of β-globin chain production. Clinically, β-thalassemia major is a severe, transfusion-dependant disorder; repeated blood transfusion will lead eventually to chronic liver disease.
Patients and Methods: One hundred patients ; 56 males and 44 females who were known cases with β-thalassemia major on regular blood transfusion, aged between 6 months and 18 years, were studied in a private pathology laboratory, between January 2002-January 2006.Blood was drawn to estimate serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) levels.
Results: Sixty-six patients (66%) had elevated S

Background: In Iraq, Primary Health Care (PHC) services are provided trough a network of about 1900 PHC Centers (PHCC). Recently, attempts were made to enhance the practice of primary health care to encompass the family health model. Expressed attendants' satisfaction and opinion about provided care at any health care setting is an important predictor of utilization and continuity of obtaining care from the same source. The objective: is to describe and compare satisfaction of attendants of a Family Medicine Training Center (FMTC) and a PHCC in Baghdad.
Subjects and Methods: a comparative cross sectional study conducted on a random sample of 300 attendants from each center. Attendants’ satisfaction towa

Background: Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a common rheumatologic syndrome with multiple systemic manifestations & associated with many diseases. The aim of the study is to assess the relationship between FMS and BMI (Body mass index) in a sample of Iraqi patients.
Patients and Methods: Fifty patients with FMS, 46 (92%) females and 4 (8%) males; their mean age (47.44), and 25 healthy control individuals were studied; 13 (52%) are females and 12 (48%) are males, their mean ages (41.4) years. All FMS features and criteria are studied for patients and control, patients with secondary FMS was excluded. Body mass index (BMI) is determined for both groups. 
Results: The ratio between female and male was

Background: Patients who undergo craniectomy or removal of part of the skull bone following trauma to give a release to the brain are later managed by auto graft, or synthetic acrylic graft.
Patients and method: 20 patients transferred to specialized surgical hospital from U.S mellitary Ibn Sinna hospital with removal the skull bone implanted in the abdomenol wall or thigh and managed by returning of the bone to the scalp compared with 20 patients managed in our hospital to start by craniectomy and implantation of a synthetic bone graft acrylic, the comparism included the surgery, time of delay, out come, complication.
Results: We divided the patients to group A and B, A were the ones treated by Autograft &

Background: Life-long red blood cells (RBCs) transfusion remains the main treatment for severe cases of thalassaemia. The development of anti-RBC antibodies (alloantibodies and for
autoantibodies) can significantly complicate transfusion therapy. Some alloantibodies are hemolytic and may cause, though not invariably, hemolytic transfusion reactions and limit the availability of further safe transfusion. Erythrocyte autoantibodies appear less frequently in blood cross match.
Patients and methods: This is a descriptive study ducted at Al-Karama Thalassaemia Center in Baghdad .The sampling was done from September 2005 to April 2006 and all patients were diagnosed as Thalassaemia Major according to the hemoglob