Background:

خلفيةالدراسة : تعتبرالسموم المعوية  لجرثومة المطثية الحاطمة Clostridium perfringens واحدة من الأسباب الأكثر شيوعا للتسمم الغذائي , والمساهمة في الإسهال الذي يرتبط مع العلاج بالمضادات الحيوية واسعة الطيف.

 الأهداف : تركز هذه الدراسة على تشخيص السموم المعوية من المرضى الذين يعانون من التسمم الغذائي, والإسهال المرتبط بحالات العلاج بالمضادات الحيوية واسعة الطيف

المقدمة: تعتبر إضطرابات الكآبة من الأضطرابات الشائعة , وتبدأ أعراضها عند كثير من الناس خلال سنوات الدراسة الجامعية . ولسوء الحظ فإن كثيرا من طلبة الجامعات المصابين بالكآبة لايحصلون على المساعدة المطلوبة.

الأهداف : معرفة نسبة إنتشار الأعراض الإكتئابية بين طلبة كلية الطب في جامعة بغداد وقياس الترافق بين الشدائد الحياتية وهذه الأعراض .

طري

خلفية البحث: يعد الناظور البطني التشخيصي الاجراء الأساسي النهائي الذي يجرى لمرضى العقم قبل الشروع بالعلاج,لكن وجد ان الناظور البطني يزيد من خطر الإصابة بألتهابات الحوض والتي تعد من أسباب الإصابة بالعقم لدى النساء والرجال.

الغرض من الدراسة:التقييم الأحيائي المجهري للنساء المخطط لهن أجراء عملية الناظور التشخيصي كجزء من الفحوصات التي يتم أجرائها لتشخيص العقم.

Background: Uncontrolled tumor cell proliferation is a reality in tumor cells, and the progression from a normal cell into a transformed cell probably includes genetic events affecting checkpoints in the cell cycle machinery.
Materials and methods: This study investigated the immunoexpression of p16INK4a in the paraffin sections from 43-cancers of colorectal tissue (CRC),26-hyperplastic polyps and adenomas(CRHPA) and 35-normal tissues (CRN),using immunohistochemical assay. We correlated the expression patterns with tumor histopathological type, site of the tumor, distance metastasis according to the TNM system.
Results: In colorectal cancer (CRC) patients’ p16INK4a,immunoexpression was detected in 32

Background: Cerebral palsy is a disorder of movement and posture resulting from permanent, nonprogressive defect or lesion of the immature brain. Spastic cerebral palsy is a common clinical type which is difficult to diagnose clinically in the early years of life. This study was conducted to identify the changes in the H-reflex excitability in children with spastic cerebral palsy as compared to normal children.
Methods: The excitability of the monosynaptic H-reflex pathway was tested in 36 children with spastic cerebral palsy during waking by calculation of the H-reflex wave amplitude with the ratio of maximal H /maximal M response amplitudes and compared with 32 normal children of the matching age.

Background: Dysentery is an important cause of morbidity and mortality associated with diarrhea. About 10% of all diarrheal episodes in children less than 5 years are dysenteric, but these cause about 15% of all deaths attributed to diarrhea.
Objective : To demonstrate the most common pathogens causing bloody diarrhea in children between 2 months and 5 years old, to describe some of the associated factors accompanying bloody diarrhea and to highlight the most important clinical features.
Patients and methods: A descriptive study of 82 children, between the age of 2 months to 5 years with bloody diarrhea, who were admitted to the Children Welfare Teaching Hospital/ Medical City/Baghdad during the period betw

Background: Cholestatic Jaundice is a dilemma facing not only the primary care provider but also the specialist pediatricians in our country.
Subjects & methods: Analysis of 50 cases of cholestatic jaundice aged 3 weeks- 18 months were carried out over 18 months in the Gastroenterology & Hepatology unit in the Children Welfare Teaching Hospital, Medical City, and Baghdad. Clinical, biochemical, radiological and histopathological results were recorded.
Results: Fifty patients with Cholestatic Jaundice, 28 males &22 females, were evaluated. The main causes of Cholestatic Jaundice were Biliary Atresia in 22 cases (44%)(the mean age of presentation was 4.1 months ), and Neonatal Hepatitis Syndr

Background: The electrocardiographic QT interval has been extensively studied in diabetes mellitus. Recently, there has been increasing interest in the relationship between diabetes and QT abnormalities .The QT interval, which is easily obtained from a standard resting electrocardiogram( ECG), reflected the total duration of ventricular myocardial depolarization and repolarization. The heart rate corrected QT interval (QTc) by Bazett's formula on the electrocardiogram has been proposed as a risk factor for ventricular arrhythmias in diabetes mellitus. Dispersion of QT(QTd) is defined as the difference between maximum and minimum QT interval QT interval on 12 lead ECG, which reflected spatial ventricular

Background: Diabetic retinopathy is an important complication of diabetes mellitus. It is supposed that elevated sialic acid in diabetes mellitus plays an important role in diabetic retinopathy. This study investigated serum total sialic acid levels related to glycemic control, blood pressure, retinopathy, and serum lipid level in diabetic retinopathy patients.
Patients & Methods: Type 2 diabetic patients aged (56.47±10.68) years were recruited for the study. Fasting venous blood samples were collected from 132 diabetic subjects of whom 79 without retinopathy and 53 were diabetic with retinopathy. All the blood samples were processed for serum total sialic acid (TSA), fasting serum glucose (FSG), HbA

 الخلفية: تشخيص أمراض الرئة الخلالي كثيرا ما يتأخر، لأنه يتم إهمال االاعراض السريرية والأعراض التنفسية, تعزى إلى تشخيص امراض  الرئة الأكثر شيوعاً مثل الربو ومرض انسداد الشعب الهوائية المزمن في إطار الرعاية الصحية الأولية.

الهدف: تقييم العائد التشخيصي لخزعة الرئة المفتوحة في المرضى الذين يعانون من اشتباه في امراض الرئة الخلالي  بالسمات السريرية والإشعاعية.

المواضيع و

الخلاصة:

خلفية البحث: ان معدل انتشار مرض تصلب الاعصاب المتعدد في العراق هو 11.73 لكل 100.000 شخص وهو يسبب الإعاقة لدى عمر الشباب. يمكن لـ مقياس الاعاقة الموسع من مراقبة درجة الاعاقة لدى المرضى بينما يعمل فحص فسيولوجيا كهربائية العين كعلامة على تكوّن غمد المايلين

الاهداف :   تهدف هذه الدراسة الى استكشاف العلاقة بين مقياس الاعاقة الموسع وفحص فسيولوجيا كهربائية العين لدى مرضى

Background: In breast carcinoma, amplification &/or over-expression of HER-2/neu has been associated with a group of unfavorable prognostic factors. The Food & Drug Administration Agency approved Trastuzumab (Herceptin) for the therapy of metastatic breast cancer but only in patients with amplification &/or over-expression of this gene. Because of these advances, evaluation of HER-2/neu status in breast cancer specimens is of vital importance.
Patients and methods: thirty eight females with breast carcinoma were included in this study. All histologic sections were stained routinely with the hematoxylin and eosin stains and
immunohistochemically for HER2/neu. All cancers were graded and subcatego

Background: Birth trauma is defined as injury to neonates resulting from mechanical forces (such as compression or traction) during the process of birth. Birth injury is used to denote avoidable and unavoidable mechanical and hypoxic- ischemic injury incurred by neonates during labor and delivery. Maternal, labor and infant factors can predispose to birth traumas. Many types of birth traumas can be found including intra and extra cranial, spinal, peripheral nerves, fractures and visceral.
Patients and methods: A cross sectional study was done on 200 babies (100 babies for the study group and 100 babies for the control group), admitted to special care baby unit of Baghdad Teaching Hospital, during the peri

Background: Transitional cell carcinomas (TCC) of the bladder are a major health problem. Recently, some studies link high risk Human papilloma viruses' type 16 and type 18 with bladder carcinoma.
Materials and methods: Fifty formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissues with TCC of the bladder from Specialized Surgical Hospital in Baghdad were included in this study. In addition, ten
apparently normal bladder autopsies were collected from the Forensic Medicine Institute Archives and used as control group. Tissue blocks were sectioned and sticked on charged slides and used for the detection of HPV-16 and HPV-18.
Results: The expression of HPV-16 and HPV-18 DNA signals in TCC of the bladder tissues in the&nbs

Background: Many etiological factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Asthma like; viruses, bacteria and Chlamydia pneumoniae. This study focuses on the role of Chlamydia
pneumoniae in asthma pathogenesis.
Patients and Methods: The detection of Anti-Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies IgA, IgM and IgG in patients by ELISA, for 35 patients, 18 asthmatic patients, 12 patients with chest infection with no history of asthma, and 5 apparently healthy as control subjects.
Results: The results showed that 80% and 70% of the patients were negative for anti- Chlamydia pneumonia antibodies IgA and IgM respectively, while significantly (p<0.05) high number (73%) of patients were positive for IgG, of which

خلفية: السمنةآخذت في الازدياد في جميع أنحاء العالم بحيث ما يقدر بنحو ١.٧ مليار شخص يعانون حاليا من السمنة، حصاة المرارة تمثل المرض الثالث الأكثر شيوعا لدى المرضى الذين يعانون من السمنة المفرطة. وعلاوة على ذلك حوالي ٣٠٪ من المرضى المرشحين لجراحة البدانة إما خضعوا لجراحة استئصال المرارة بالسابق أو شخصوا بوجود حصاة المرارة اثناء التقييم قبل عملية جراحة البدانة.

الهد

Background: Homocysteine (Hcy) is a sulfur containing amino acid that is formed as an intermediary in methionine metabolism. Raised plasma homocysteine levels, which may contribute
to the increased risk of chronic liver disease.
Patients and Methods: Sixty two patients with chronic liver disease and 26 healthy individuals were included as normal controls for the study. The HPLC system was used for the determination of Hcy and vitamin B12.
Results: A highly significant Hcy concentrations were noted in all patients with cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis or liver mass. There was a trendency towards higher Hcy concentrations in more advanced stages of liver disease. The study showed that the concentrations of tot

Summary:
Background: It is well known that the early removal of corpus luteum (CL) in pregnant women results in abortion . Defects in the function of CL lead to deficiency in the secretion of progesterone which adversely affect human embryo implantation .
Aim of the work: l)to determine progesterone concentration in the luteal phase defect (LPD) patients complaining from infertility and 2) to evaluate the clinical value of ovulation induction, sperm intrauterine insemination SIUT and luteal support therapy in the treatment of LPD patients.
Patients & Methods: One hundred and twelve LPD patients were involved in this study. The progesterone concentrations were performed by radioimmunoassay method on cycle day 21. Patients wer

Background: Neuropsychiatric symptoms are typical consequences in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). There is no apparent link between the clinical parameters of SLE patients and the development of neuropsychiatric symptoms.

Objectives: to determine the incidence of neurological manifestations and the risks associated with them in SLE patients.

Patients and Methods: This is a case-series study comprised of 65 patients who visited the rheumatology department at Baghdad Teaching Hospital/Medical City between January 2022 and February 2023. All patients' demographic and clinical data, including age, gender, disease duration, type and duration of treatment, gener

Background: Decreased thyroid hormone synthesis and low levels of circulating thyroid hormones result in clinical and biochemical changes in hypothyroidism. As
deficiency of thyroid hormones causes many metabolic processes to slow down, therefore; the maintenance of optimal health requires an adequate supply of
carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, and macronutrients, micronutrients, and trace elements.
Objective: Study the effect of the changing in serum level of the trace elements; Zn, Cu, Mn, and Se in hypothyroid patient.
Patients and Method: Thirty seven hypothyroid patients and fifteen normal healthy control persons were participated in this study. Serum zinc and copper were determined using

Backgrounds: Tribulus terrestris is one of the traditional herbs that have a revolutionary breakthrough in the management of erectile dysfunction and
have become world –wide as an “instant treatment”
Materials & Methods: Tribulus terrestris was given daily to mature male mouse in a dose of 2 mg /kg body weight for 14 days .10% formalin fixed
paraffin sections were performed for histological, histochemical and morphometrical studies.
Results: Histological and histochemical studies demonstrated a considerable increase in the number of spermatocytes, spermatids and sperms in parallel
with an increase number of interstitial (Leydig) cells. Morphometrically, the thickness of seminiferous tubul

Background:

خلفية الدراسة :- بكتريا المفطورات الرئوية من الممرضات المهمة للإنسان والتي تسبب إصابات القناة التنفسية  المكتسبة من المجتمع.  تشخيص الإصابة بهذه البكتريا ليست سهلة وكذلك حاسمة  من اجل اختيار الوقت المناسب للبدء بالمضادات الحيوية.

هدف الدراسة:- صممت هذه الدراسة للكشف عن بكتريا المفطورات الرئوية في العينات المأخوذة من القناة التنفسية (مسحة الحنجرة, غسي

Back ground: Vaginal candidiasis is the second common infection among child bearing women. The disease is caused by yeast organism especially Candida albican. Pregnancy is one of the risk factors of the disease. It has been revealed that more than 75 % of women may experience an attach of the disease during their life time.
Objectives: To study the epidemiological factors of vaginal candidiasis among pregnant women attending Tikrit teaching hospital out-patient clinic.
Patients and methods: The study was conducted on a sample of (120) pregnant women. The demographic and epidemiologic information was obtained according to special designed questionnaire. The study was done over a period from 1/3/2017 to 16/4/2017. Vaginal swabs were

الخلفية: البدانة لا تزال تمثل مصدر قلق كبير في جميع أنحاء العالم. وقد اكتسبت استئصال و تكميم المعدة بالمنظار شعبية كبيرة بين المجتمع الجراحي باعتباره إجراء جراحي مستقل. ومن المرجح أن يتبع العدد المتزايد في اجراء قَص وتكميم المعدة بوجود إعداد  متزايدة من المرضى الذين يعانون من فشل في  فقدان الوزن ، وتعرف بأن فقدان الوزن غير كافي أو اكتساب الوزن من جديد.

الهدف من

الخلفية:ان عمليات استئصال القولون والمستقيم باستخدام الجراحة المنظارية شهدت زيادة ملحوظة في العالم. ان الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو لتقييم خبرتنا في مجال جراحة امراض القولون والمستقيم المنظارية مع مقارنة نتائجنا بنتائج دول العالم الباقية.

المرضى وطرق العمل : هذه الدراسة أجريت في مستشفى بغداد التعليمي/ دائرة مدينة الطب للفترة من الأول من كانون الثاني 2017 الى الخ

Back ground: The study was conducted on fifty patients (27 males and 20 females) with chronic renal failure (CRF) undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (HD), at
artificial Kidney unit, Al- Hakeem Hospital / Najaf, during the perioed from April to June 2008.
Patients & methods: Plasma osmolarity ( Posm), plasma creatinine (P cr ) plasma urea (P urea)>plasma sodium (P Na)and plasma potassium ( P k )were measured for
all patients before and after dialysis.
Results: The paired t -test was used to compare the pre-dialysis values with the post dialysis values and simple linear correlation to study the relation between (P
Na), and ( Posm), p values less than 0.05 considered not significant. The result of&

Background: Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease. Many etiological agents are proposed to play a role in its pathogenecity. One of these factors is cytokines such as Interleukin6.
Material & Methods: ELISA method has been used for IL-6 estimation in 75 RA patients in comparison with 61 SLE as patient controls and 39 apparently healthy controls.
Results: This study showed that there was an elevation of IL-6 in the sera of RA patients with high significant differences between RA patients and controls (P< 0.001). Moreover a good correlation between IL-6 level & RF titer were observed. However, for most patients with high IL-6 were shown to be HLA-DR4.
Conclusions: Interleukin-6 play

Background: Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a widely distributed mycotoxin in nature. Several investigations have shown its biological effects on different organs and in different animal species. However, the effects of AFB1 on the rat kidney have not been much elucidated histologically.
Objective: This study aims to demonstrate the effects of AFB1 contaminated diet on the rat kidney from
the histological and morphometric aspects.
Method: Twelve mature albino rats were divided equally into a control group fed with usual diet and a treated group which was daily fed with diet contaminated with 20 mg AFB1/kg of body weight for 30 days. Semithin sections from renal cortex were stained with methylene blue and examined by l