Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common cause of anovulation during reproductive life.Resistin can increase ovarian androgen production by directly stimulating ovarian theca cell or indirectly by augmenting pancreatic – B cell production of insulin.
Patients and Methods: Sixty patients with PCOS who were non diabetic and not taking any medicine for the last three months were involved in the study .Thirty normal fertile female serves as control group. Fasting blood samples were aspirated from all individuals from 3rd - 6th day of the menstrual cycle to measure resistin, insulin, glucose, LH, FSH, TT3, TT4, Prolactin , Total Testosterone and lipid profile, by ELISA and rou

Background: Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is heterogenous syndrome. Because the diversity of disease processes and formation of complex lymphoid microstructures that indicate the multiple T cell activation pathways are involved .affected patients have major abnormalities in the T cell pool with clonally expanded CD4  + T cell that lose expression of the CD28null molecule and lack the ability for profiliration. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is an indicator of the proliferation and differenation of lymphocyte, in particularly the T cell subcells.
Patients and Methods: Total ADA levels were measured in the sera of RA patients and healthy group according to Giusti (1981).
Results: The mean value of ADA was lo

Background: A quick and easy method was developed for extraction of DNA of eukaryotes from different samples, which are bone marrow and sperms in white mice Mus musculus strain (Balb/c).
Patients and Methods: this method using high salt buffer, Ethylene diemine tetracetec acid (EDTA), Trypsine,Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate(SDS), and urea without using Proteinase-K digestion or ultracentrifugation.
Results: This method was successful in extracting DNA from different samples in eukaryotic and this DNA is suitable for Hind III digestion.
Conclusion: Without further clean-up, the extracted DNA can be used for restriction endonuclease digestion or for numerous applications.

Background: The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disorders caused by cellular and humoral immune dysfunction from infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV 1 and HIV 2).
Patients and Methods: The study was carried out in Kirkuk governorate on 5090 secondary school students from different localities of the city, for the period from the beginning of October 2005 to the end of March 2006. A special questionnaire was applied for each student containing age, sex, class, parent’s education, mode of transmission & methods of prevention.
Results: There was no significant difference between male and female regarding the etiology of AIDS.The knowledge of secondary school students was

Background: Molecular DNA hybridization has confirmed more than 120 different human papilloma virus (HPV) genotypes. A small group of them have high- risk oncogenic potential. Many studies have described an association of such high risk-HPV genotypes with a variety of esophageal benign tumors as well as malignant squamous cell carcinomas.
Patients and Methods: A total number of 90 tissue specimens were collected from 50 patients with esophageal squamous cell (SCC), adenocarcinoma (AC) and carcinoma in situ (CIS); 20 patients with squamous acanthosis (SA); and 20 individuals with apparently-healthy esophageal tissues (AHET). The molecular detection methods for HPV detection and genotyping were performed by in s

Background:It is widely assumed that cellular immune response and cytokine (especially proinflammatory cytokines) production play an important role in the course and treatment effectiveness of chronic hepatitis C infection. <br />Aim of the study: evaluate the level of Th-1 cytokines during treatment of chronic HCV infection and their dynamic changes in response to treatment.<br />Patients and methods: The study was performed on sixty patients with chronic HCV infection, the patients were recruited from medical city gastroenterology and hepatology teaching hospital for the period from February 2007 till February 2008 and 50 healthy control group. Diagnosis was made using third generation ELISA-based screening test, RIBA-based

Background: Cytokines are the messengers of the immune system.They are mostly secreted by macrophages and lymphocytes and their production is induced in response to injury or infections.
Objective: Biopsy speciemens from the middle body of the stomach were obtained from 18 patients with gastric carcinoma, 32 patients with atrophic gastritis, 50 patients with chronic gastritis and 20 healthy subjects and IL-8 and IL-1B levels were detrmined.
Methods: Sandwich-type enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit was used to determine the IL-8 and IL-1B levels.
Results: IL-8 and IL-1B levels were significantly higher in gastric carcinoma patients than patients with atrophic gastritis and both significantly higher than healthy subjects.
C

Background: Assessment is an important part of the learning cascade in education. Students realize it as an influential motivator to direct and guide their learning. The method of assessment determines the way the students reach high levels of learning. It has been documented that one of factor affecting students’ choice of learning approach is the way how assessment is being performed. Many methods of assessment namely multiple choice questions, essay questions and others are mainly used to assess basic science knowledge in undergraduate education. Objectives: The aim of this study is to compare multiple choice questions (MCQ) and essay questions (EQ) (record the success and failure rate of multiple choice questions (MCQ) and essay qu

خلفية البحث :- عمال صناعة النسيج يتعرضون بصورة رئيسية لمختلف الإصباغ السامة ,المواد القاصرة ,الأملاح, الأحماض,القلويات والمعادن الثقيلة مثل الزرنيخ من خلال الأبخرة واستنشاقها من قبل العمال أو التماس المباشر مع الجلد خلال  عملية  تثبيت الألوان على النسيج واحتمالية التأثير الصحي الضار خلال عملية الطباعة على النسيج.

أهداف الدراسة :-لتقيم التأثير الصحي البس

الخلفية: مشاكل القدم السكري هي واحده من أهم مضاعفات مرض السكري الذي يسبب اعتلال ذو كلفة عالية في جميع انحاء العالم والتي يمكن ان تعزى إلى سوء الممارسات الذاتية عند المريض.

الأهداف: تقييم الممارسات الوقائية للعناية بالقدم بين وسط مرضي السكري وأيجاد اي ارتباط ذا معنى احصائي لهذه الممارسات بالخصائص الاجتماعيه-الديمغرافية او بالخضائض ذات الصلة بمرض السكري.

خلفية علمية: استئصال القولون بالمنظار تجرى في إعداد متزايدة في الكثير من مراكز الجراحة المنظارية للامراض الحميدة والخبيثة للقولون حيث انها تتيح صورة تشريحية واضحة للمنطقة وخاصة للمرضى الذين يعانون من ورم المستقيم الأوسط والمنخفض.

الهدف من الدراسة: تحديد النتائج الأولية للمرضى الذين أجريت لهم استئصال المستقيم بالناظور باستخدام الدباسة ((radial reload 

مقدمة:الكسر الخلعي عند المفصل بين الفقرات الصدريه مع الفقرات القطنية الناتج عن شدة خارجية ذات طاقة شديدة مباشرة أو غير مباشرة  عادة يتم علاجها بتثبيت يصل الى ثلاث فقرات. تثبيت الفقرات باستعمال جزء صغير من العمود الفقري لديه فوائد عديدة منها قصر وقت العملية اضافة لتقليل العوامل النفسية والوظيفية التي تسبب عوق مابعد العملية مع المضاعفات في موقع العمليه في الجسم نفسه.

الهدف من ألبحث ت

خلفية الموضوع: العلاقة بين التغير الوراثي رقم 308 لعامل تنخر الخلايا السرطانية نوع الفا ومرض السكري النوع الثاني يبقى مصدر جدل واختلاف في الاصول وانماط الحياة التي تلعب دور مهم في هذا التضارب.

الهدف :لبحث دور التغير الوراثي رقم 308 في عامل تنخر الخلايا السرطانية نوع الفا مع مرض السكري النوع الثاني ومعيار كتلة الجسم في هؤلاء المرضى.

طرائق العمل: الدراسة الحالية تضمنت خمسون مر

خلفية البحث:  إن جراحة تثبيت العمود الفقري باستخدام مسمار قدم الفقرات أصبحت من الوسائل الشائعة في جراحه العمود الفقري. رغم التطور الذي في تقنيات و تصاميم وسائل هذه ألجراحه و استخدام التصوير ألشعاعي إثناء هذه ألجراحه لازالت هنالك احتماليه وضع هذا المسمار في غير موضعه الصحيح محدثا ثقوبا في قشره قدم الفقرات مهددا أصابه الأحشاء العصبية و الوعائية ما حول الفقرات.

ال

Background: Tetralogy of Fallot TOF is the most common cause of congenital cyanotic heart disease. It is the most common congenital lesion that is likely to result in survival to adulthood and encountered in adult after repair. Tetralogy of Fallot comprises around 7.5 % of all congenital heart diseases in Iraq.
Objective: The aim of this study is to analyse the transatrial strategy for total correction of tetralogy of Fallot TOF.
Methods: Cross-sectional study was done during the period between 2012-2014 for twenty-four patients that admitted to Ibn Al-Bitar hospital in Baghdad with amenable TOF pathology for transatrial repair.
Results: Twenty-four patients, 16 were males and 8 were females. Ages ranged from 2-31 years. There w

الخلفية: سابقا كان داء السكري من النوع الاول من بين اسباب تاخر النمو الشديد. العراق تعرض للحروب والصراعات التي اثرت على الخدمات الصحية والتي بدورها اثرت على حالة السكر في الدم لمرضى السكري.

الهدف: تقديم تقريرعن نمو الاطفال المصابين بالسكري في العراق بعد انتهاء الصراع.

طريقة البحث: شملت الدراسة 100طفل مصاب بداء السكري من النوع الاول وا

الخلفية: يعتبر سرطان القولون ذو انتشار كثير في مناطق شمال اوربا, واميركا الشمالية وبريطانيا العظمى ولكن بنسب قليلة في افريقيا واسيا واميركا الجنوبية. هنالك الكثير من المعلمات المناعية التي تتفاعل مع انسجة القولون, فان كثير من سرطان القلون والمستقيم يتفاعل مع (mucin), كذلك يتفاعل سرطان القولون والمستقيم مع (cytokeratins) , وايضا مع CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN (CEA).

وهناك الكثير من المعلمات الخر

خلفية البحث:الكتل الحوضية شائعة في النساء ويمكن أن تحدث  في أي عمر من حياة المرأة، يمكن أن تكون حميدة أو كتلة خبيثة ويمكن أن تنشأ من الأعضاء التناسلية الأنثوية مثل عنق الرحم، الرحم، ملحقات الرحم، أو من أجهزة الحوض الأخرى مثل الأمعاء والمثانة والحالب والهيكل العظمي العضلات، والعظام.

 الهدف من الدراسه : تحديد كل من الزيادة في عدد الصفائح الدموية (&g

الخلفية: الاكتئاب واحد من نتائج التعرض الى الحروب وانواع العنف. وفي العراق تعرض السكان الى حروب عديدة، وانتشار واسع للعنف. كما اشارت دراسات عديدة الى انتشار واسع للاكتئاب. 

الهد ف: تحديد انتشار الاكتئاب بين النساء في منطقه عالية الازدحام بالسكان، مدينة الصدر- بغداد .

الطرق: دراسه مقطعيه مستعرضة شملت440 امراءه منمرافقات للمرضى المرا

Background: The umbilicus, before and shortly after sloughing of the cord, can be a source of infection or toxicity. The infection can be severe, such as septicaemia
or tetanus neonatorum.
Method: Mothers of 200 neonates seen at the Children Welfare Hospital, outpatient department, Baghdad, and at Al-Takia health centre, Baquba, were interviewed about the separation of the umbilical stump and the care of the umbilicus after delivery at home or hospital, in the period, January to July 2003, excluding March and April, the time of active military invasion of the country.
Results: For occlusion of the cord a plastic clamp was used in all hospital deliveries, and 80% of home deliveries. A cotton thread or a s

Background: Inhibitor development and HCV are considered the most serious complications of hemophilia treatment. Many factors may increase the risk of complications which include: type of hemophilia, age of the patient, age of onset, duration of the disease, & number of replacement per month. Patients and methods: A descriptive study included 200 patients less than 20 years of age admitted to the Hemophilia Center in Children Welfare Teaching Hospital , medical city in Baghdad , their data ( ag , sex , disease onset and duration , severity of hemophilia ) were collected over 8 months period from 1st January to 31st August 2006. Mixing tests and serology tests for HCV and HBV were performed for all patien

Background: Glomerular injury can be caused by immunologic, infectious, toxic, metabolic and heamodynamic factors. The glomerular response to injury determines the pathology, which can be observed in renal biopsy. The purpose of this study was to analyze different histopathological subtypes of primary and secondary glomerular diseases in children.
Patients and methods: A retrospective study was done on 100 renal biopsy cases in children welfare teaching hospital between December 2003 and December 2007. Ultrasonically guided
biopsies were taken and only light microscopy was used to examine the specimens.
Results: The study group included 100 cases with renal diseases, 83 (83%) cases of which having primar

Background: Infectious mononucleosis (IM) is a lymphoproliferative disease caused primarily by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. The initial viral infection by EBV occurs in B lymphocytes and is followed by an extensive proliferation of T lymphocytes. Previous studies on immunity to EBV (including IM) have mainly focused on activation of peripheral blood T cells, which are responsible for the lymphocytosis in blood during acute IM.
Patients and Methods: Indirect immunofluorescence technique analysis was performed to detect the percentage of CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, and CD56 positive lymphocytes.
Results: Our results on the phenotype of T cells in samples from patients with infectious mononucleosis sh

Background: CA19-9 is among a group of mucin glycoprotein sialosyl lewis antigen (SLA) having come to be recognized as a circulating cancer associated antigen for gastrointestinal cancer. Basic research into cancer causation will be a powerful determinant of intervention in the transformation process reinforcing the need for developing effective molecular tumor biomarkers for early detection of malignant evolution in tissues of organs i.e. stomach, colon and rectum. In this study, we make a comparsion between the levels of CA19-9 in sera and tissues of patients with these diseases to see if their levels are proportional and if it is a tumor marker that affect with malignant cells in tissues of these org

Background: a rapid and accurate identification of Methicillim-Resistant Staphylococci (MRS) is of a particular clinical significance because they have cross-resistance to other antibiotics with high ability to be transmitted among hospitalized patients known as epidemic MRS.
Objectives: the detection of MRS and the susceptibility of isolates to antimicrobial agents, also to determine inducible and constitutive macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLSB) resistance mechanisms by pharmacodynamic interpretative reading approaches.
Methods: standard disk diffusion method was performed for 30 Staphylococcus aureus and 10 Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from wound, burn patients admitted to Ramadi General Hospital in Ramadi and e

Background: Study the correlation between the left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVEDV), ejection fraction (EF) and the development of arrhythmia.
Patients and methods: Two hundreds patients with documented acute coronary syndrome and myocardial infection with dysrhythmia documented by ECG and holter monitoring assessed at the cardiac department at Baghdad teaching hospital over the period Jan-Dec 2007. These dysrhythmias were corelated with left ventricular end diastolic volume and ejection fraction.
Results: The patients were divided into 4 groups according to LVEDD and EF. The 1st group, 40 patients (20%) found to have non sustained ventricular tachycardia was associated with higher LVEDD (62-72

Background: The critically ill patient is at risk of developing intensive care acquired infection, with the lungs being especially vulnerable. Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) occurring after two days of mechanical ventilation and it is the most nosocomial infection seen in the intensive care unit .The establishment of an accurate diagnosis of ventilator associated pneumonia remains problematic and yet there is still no accepted "gold standard" for the diagnosis.
Patients& Methods: This is a cross section study for 328 patients admitted to intensive care unit at medical city teaching hospital. Full history, physical examination and investigation were done after 48 hours of admission according to

Objective: To determine the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among blood donors and risky population in Diyala province.<br />Materials and methods: In this retrospective study, the records of HCV screening and confirmatory tests were reviewed for the period 1996-2001.Third generation Enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) and Enzyme immunoblot assay were used as screening and confirmatory tests respectively.<br />Results: The prevalence of HCV infection among blood donors was 0.15%, with the highest in 1997. The highest prevalence rates were found among multiple blood recipient; hemophilia, thalassemia and hemodialysis patients (27.3%, 16.9% & 14.3%) respectively. Whereas, the patients with chronic hepa

Background: The study was conducted to investigate the association between hyperprolactinaemia and markers of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system in a sample of Iraqi infertile females, together with the profile anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA).
Objectives: One hundred and seventy five female patients (age range: 20 -40 years) were recruited in this study. They were attending the Institute for Embryo Research and Infertility Treatment (Al-Nahrain University) during the period January 2005 - September 2006.
Results:After clinical and laboratry evaluations, it was found that 100 patients were hyperprolactinaemic, whereas the other 75 patients were euprolactinaemic, therefore, they were considered as a control group. Based on serum le

Background:Breast carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor and the leading cause of carcinoma death in women, with more than 1,000,000 cases occurring worldwide annually.(1) as a matter of fact , the mortality rate for breast carcinoma changed very little from the 1930s to the early 1990s, because of the combined action of earlier diagnosis and improved therapy .<br />Materials and methods: The prospective study included 500 cases of breast carcinoma who went total mastectomy , between October 2006- April 2007, where taken from private pathology laboratory , sections(4microns) are taken and stained with H&E stain and over-reviewed.<br />Results: Clinicopathological analysis of the 500 cases of breast carcinoma, includ