Many pathophysiological processes can affect the pharmacokinetic properties of drugs in people with diabetes. The present study was deigned to evaluate the influence of diabetes mellitus (DM) on the pharmacokinetic parameters of metronidazole administered as single oral dose. Twelve healthy volunteers and twelve diabetic patients were enrolled in the present study. On day 1, a single oral dose of metronidazole 500 mg was administered orally to all participants at 9:00 am after a 10-hour fasting. Over the following 48 hours, blood samples were taken at frequent intervals and serum metronidazole concentrations were measured by a high-performance liquid chromatography method for assessment of pharmacokinetics of metronid

The objective of this study was to investigate the release profile of different fat and water soluble bases using diazepam as a model drug , and then to develop  a satisfactory formula with a rapid release of diazepam from suppository bases .The study was conducted using theobroma oil ,glycerol-gelatin and glycerol-PEG1540 bases using conventional mold method for preparation .while the later base was utilized to incorporate diazepam ( buffered solution ) in a hollow type suppositories. The results indicated that all types of bases can be utilized to formulate diazepam as  rectal suppositories with acceptable disintegration time ( 12, 10, 6, and 6min.), respectively . While 100% of the  released drug had been shown differen

Among the most common dental problems, dental caries and trauma lead to the development of cavities and even tooth loss. Therefore, new regeneration techniques that are effective and toxic-free are needed. The use of scaffolds has created possibilities for the regeneration of tooth structure. Hydrogels made of hyaluronic acid have drawn many attention in regenerative medicine. Consequently, the objectives of the study were to estimate the impact of hyaluronic acid on pulp regeneration using histological evaluation and immunohistochemical localization of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The entire sample consisted of 20 teeth (right and left upper central incisors) from ten rabbits, Their ages were betw

Abstract

Introduction: Compliance with the laws and regulations on the sale and supply of medicine ensures that it is conducted safely and professionally.

Objectives: This study identify the compliance rate of community pharmacists and general practitioners in the state of Sarawak towards the Malaysian Laws on Poisons and Sale of Drugs and review the effect enforcement actions taken by the Sarawak Pharmacy Enforcement Branch.

Methods: A cross sectional study where the data were extracted retrospectively from the annual inspection reports on community pharmacists and general practitioners conducted by the Sarawak Pharmacy Enforceme

Itraconazole (ITZ) is an antifungal drug (BCSII) used for the treatment of local and systemic fungal infections. Furthermore, ITZ used as an antifungal prophylaxis for immunocompromised patients.

The objective of the study is to overcome the two problems of low and pH dependent solubility of ITZ by its preparation as floating microparticles.

Firstly, pH-dependent floating microparticles were prepared using oil in water solvent evaporation method, from which the best one (F7) selected as a best pH-dependent formula with composition of   ITZ (200mg),EC (800mg), HPMC 15cps (200mg) and safflower oil (2ml) .Then, F7 was compared with the selected Relatively pH-independent ITZ floating microparticles formula  wit

The plant Papaver rhoeas ,which belongs to family Papaveraceae and known as common poppy is wildly grown in Iraq .It was used in traditional medicine in wide range of diseases including inflammation, diarrhea, sleep disorders, treatment of cough, analgesia, and also to reduce the withdrawal signs of opioid addiction.

The project provide the first comprehensive research done in Iraq to study the phytochemical and the methods of extraction and separation of alkaloids from Papaver rhoeas wildly grown in Iraq .The plant was harvested in April 2019 from Zurbatiya is an Iraqi town located at the northeast of Waist province in Iraq.The collected plant was washed thoroughly, dries under shade, and grounding in a mechani

Lead toxicity elicits neurological damage which is a well-known disorder that has been considered to be a major cause for multiple condition such as behavioral defect; mental retardation; and nerve insufficient activity.

This research is designed to estimate potential protective effect of vinpocetine on neurotoxicity stimulated by lead acetate in rats.

Eighteen adult rats of both sexes were randomly enrolled into three groups. Each group includes 6 rats as followings: Group I- Rats were given 0.3ml normal saline solution orally; then intraperitoneal injection of 100μl of the normal saline was given 1h later; this group was considered as control. Group II- Rats were given an intraperitoneal injection of 20mg/kg lead acetate

      Strategies to reduce obesity have become main priority for many health institution and health staff around the world, as the prevalence of obesity has risen and exacerbated in most of the world mainly because of the modern life style which tend to be more sedentary with an increase eating unhealthy fast western food. Many years ago, the lipid-lowering drug simvastatin; and omega-3 were considered as a traditional lipid-lowering drug that have been well-documented to possess anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective and triglyceride-lowering properties; and their co-administration may demonstrate a complementary effect in lowering patients' triglycerides and total cholesterol to treat atherosclero

Cardiac toxicity can occur during the therapy with several cytotoxic drugs, including 5- Fluorouracil (5- FU). It is an antimetabolite that acts during the S phase of the cell cycle and is activated by thymidine phosphorylase into fluorodeoxyuridylate (5 fluoro 2'deoxyuridine 5'monophosphate, 5-FdUMP) that inhibits thymidylate synthase, thus preventing DNA synthesis that leads to imbalanced cell growth and ultimately cell death. It is still a widely used anticancer drug, since 1957. The present study aimed to evaluate the possible cardio-protective effects of ethanolic artichoke extract (Cynara scolymus L.) against 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) induced cardio-toxicity in rats by evaluating serum levels of Alanine aminotransferase, aspartate amin

This study  was  conducted  with the  aim to  extract and  purify  a  polyphenolic  compound  â€œ Resveratrol” from the skin of black grapes Vitis vinifera cultivated in Iraq. The purified resveratrol is obtained after ethanolic extraction with 80% v/v solution for fresh grape skin, followed by acid hydrolysis   with   10%   HCl   solution then   the  aglycon   moiety   was  taken  with   organic   solvent

( chloroform). Using silica gel G60 packed glass column chromatography with mobile phase benzene: methanol: acetic acid  20:4:1 a

Microbial lipases today occupy a place of prominence among biocatalysts owing to their ability to catalyze awide variety of reactions in aqueous and non- aqueous media, A.baumannii were isolated from different clinical specimens from hospitalized patients from Baghdad hospitals and were detected by biochemical tests and API20E system. The percentage of isolation was (16.6%), A. baumannii is an increasingly multidrug – resistant (MDR), it showed high level of resistant to Ceftriaxon, Colistin, Piperacillin, Co-trimoxazol, Tertracycline, Carbenicillin, Amoxicillin, Penicillin G, Gentamicin and Ceftazidim , wherease the isolates were highly sensitive to Imipenem, Ciprofloxacin, Meropenem, Amikacin, and Cefotaxime.

Nonsteriodial anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used by women to control pain associated with menstruation period. The main objective of this study is to determine whether use of NSAIDs has impact on the levels of certain hormones in females or not.

A cross-sectional study was conducted between participant women who were taken one of the following NSAIDs including diclofenac, ibuprofein and mefenamic acid, for at least one year and more during menstruation and control women (did not take any medication). Levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, prolactin and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured by i-CHROMA method. The results showed that the level of LH significa

Axitinib is anticancer drug act on different solid tumors by inhibtion protein kinase enzyme which is responsible for support the tumors with blood demand. Due to its low solubility, it has low bioavailability when given orally also it is affected by liver metabolism. Axitinib formulated as non-ionic vesicles (niosomes) for the first time to study the effect of different variables on the in vitro behaviour of vesicles in a hope to improve drug oral bioavailability.

      Niosomal dispersion formulas were formulated by diverse techniques via multiple kinds of surface-active agent (tween also span), cholesterol and dicetyl phosphate then evaluated for visual appearance, efficiency of drug entrapment (EE%),

Adiponectin is one of the most important hormones secreted by adipose tissue and plays a major role in the development of obesity. A variant-specific ADIPOQ single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP rs-266729) with a C to G missense mutation can be strongly associated with obesity. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP rs-266729) of the ADIPOQ gene with obesity and some biochemical markers in these patients. The case-control study included 186 participants (106 patients and 80 healthy control). DNA was extracted from whole blood and then the Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Polymerase Chain Reaction (RFLP-PCR) technique was used to limit the genotype of the ADIPOQ gene (rs266729)

The antibiotic susceptibility was determined for 118 clinical E. faecalis isolates , the isolates showed various levels of susceptibilities to different antibiotics and 70.5% of these isolates were multidrug resistant. The relative expression of ebpA gene in six multidrug resistance E. faecalis isolates was determined in comparison with antibiotic-sensitive isolates selected as a control sample. The isolate 21 from root canal (multi drug resistance) showed increasing in expression in comparison with antibiotic sensitive isolates of E. faecalis. The relative expression of ebpC gene in multidrug resistance E. faecalis isolates was determined in comparison with antibiotic sensitive isolates which

              Gallstone disease (GSD) is a worldwide problem; the frequency of GSD varies greatly amongst different ethnic groups, possibly due to environmental and genetic factors. One circulating lipoprotein involved in lipid metabolism is apolipoprotein E (APOE). The APOE gene is polymorphic, has three distinct alleles, APOE2, APOE3, and APOE4. The an APOE polymorphism is linked to a variety of diseases, including Alzheimer's and type-two diabetes, so this study aimed to assess the relationship among various APOE genotypes and alleles with gallstone cases in Iraqi Kurdish women. The present case-control study involved 81 cases with laparoscopic cholecystectomy for gallstone disease and 80 healthy women without G

The hazardous metabolic effects of treating schizophrenia patients with olanzapine comprise serotonin 2C receptor (5-HT2C) antagonists. Metabolic side effects of antipsychotic drugs, including lipid abnormalities, disturbed glucose metabolism, and weight gain, can have a major impact on treating psychiatric patients. The intent of this study was to investigate whether there is an associated link between the genetic polymorphism at -759C>T in the promoter region of the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor (HTR2C) gene and the metabolic syndrome driven by olanzapine in schizophrenia patients. A cross-sectional study that involved fifty hospitalized patients with schizophrenia. The patients were split into two groups (metabolic and non-metabo

Migraine is a prevalent chronic condition that is often characterized by recurrent incapacitating headache attacks and related symptoms. The purpose of this investigation was to assess the potential effects of antioxidants on migraine disease. The main goal of the study was to measure the concentrations of many important antioxidants, such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), thioredoxin (TRX), and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1). Ninety participants were recruited from the outpatient headache clinic of the neurology department at Al Jumhury Teaching Hospital in Erbil City for this study. In this study, there were 60 patients with migraine and 30 controls. Among the migraine group, there were 45 female and 15 male participants,

Five new ceftazidime derivatives were designed and synthesized in an attempt to improve the acid stability and may increase the spectrum of ceftazidime. The synthesized compounds included;  Schiff base of ceftazidime (compound 1), ceftazidime lysine amide Schiff base (compound 2), ceftazidime lysine amide (compound 3), ceftazidime-di-lysine amide Schiff base (compound 4) and ceftazidime-di-lysine amide (compound 5). New ceftazidime derivatives were successfully prepared characterized and identified using spectral and elemental microanalysis (CHNS) analyses and the results comply with the calculated measurements.

Compounds 1 and 2 were subjected to a stability study in phosphate buffer (0.2M, pH 7.4) and in KCl/HCl buffer (0.

Zinc, Copper, Selenium, Magnesium, Manganese, Chromium, Iron, Nickel, Cobalt, Vanadium and Germanium were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) in blood serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, (30) patients (14male and 16female) with age range (37-60) years compared with normal tensive control. The analysis of results showed that the mean value of concentration (Magnesium,  Manganese and Nickel) were significantly higher in patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared to that of healthy, while the mean levels of serum (Zinc, Copper, Selenium, Chromium, Iron, Cobalt and Germanium) were significantly lower than controls. There were no significant changes in overall mean concentration of serum Vanadium in patients

Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic drug that is used for treating schizophrenia, bipolar mania, and autism. Risperidone rebalances dopamine and serotonin to improve thinking, mood, and behavior by working on dopamine and serotonin α₂receptor antagonism. Risperidone has poor solubility and high permeability through the intestine, so it belongs to Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) class II exhibits poor oral biopharmaceutical properties.

 The aim of the present work was to improve solubility and dissolution of Risperidone by preparing nanosuspension using different stabilizers and different solvents‎ in a method known as solvent-antisolvent precipitation method.  Twenty-eight formulas were prepared

To investigate the relationship between increased lipid peroxidation, and the lowering of both plasma total proteins and albumin in lead-exposed workers, and the effectiveness of antioxidants (vit. C and E) in modulating oxidative stress in those workers.

Thirty male and females workers employed in the Iraqi storage battery (age range 20-40 years) were participating in this study. Additionally, 11 healthy subjects were served as healthy controls, with the same age range compared to workers group, to avoid the effects of age variations on the studied parameters. Blood lead levels, erythrocytes and plasma MDA, erythrocytes and plasma GSH, total protein and albumin levels in healthy controls and lead-exposed workers pre- and post-tr

Idebenone, a synthetic analogue of ubiquinone (Co-Q10), is used for the treatment of Leiber’s hereditary optic neuropathy. Although it is almost completely absorbed from GIT, its extensive rate of metabolism makes its oral bioavailability less than 1%. This study aims to formulate the poorly water-soluble drug as nanoemulsion (NE) to increase drug solubility as well as transmucosal permeation and circumventing hepatic biodegradation by using transmucosal routes of administration such as intranasal rout to enhance drug bioavailability. Nanoemulsion components were selected through screening of the preferential solubility of IDB in several oils and emulsifying agents and subsequent formulation optimization through screening for their bes

Awsaj (Lycium barbarum) is a plant belong to family Solanaceae serves as a good source of bioactive compounds like phytosterols which have many important biological activity. Literature survey available so far revealed that there was no studies about Iraqi wild Awsaj phytosterols especially B-sitosterol, there for the objective of this study was to examine the efficiency of ultrasound assisted extraction (probe and bath) as compared to the conventional (Soxhlet) extraction method for extraction of phytosterols especially B-sitosterol from fruits, leaves, stems and roots of Iraqi wild Awsaj plant. This goal was achieved by comparing the extraction mass yield, also by a quick and easy approach for identification and quantification of bioac

Rifampicin is the drug of choice in treatment of tuberculosis. Also, it is effective in treatment of various bacterial infections.This study was carried out to prepare a stable suspension for rifampicin through preparation of different formulas of rifampicin aqueous suspension either as ready to use or as granular powder to be reconstituted.The selected formula (A) was evaluated and compared with commercial brand of rifampicin (Rifactine^®) as a reference through measuring their dissolution rates and other physical properties.The results indicated that the selected formula had better dissolution rate compared with the reference suspension and the rheogram showed that the selected formula was less

Synthesis of new nucleoside analogues of the type : 3¢ , 3¢ - gem – di – C – nitromethly , expected to have useful application in the chemotherapeutic treatment of AIDS , cancer and microbial infections. The synthesis involved the condensation of the appropriate sugar derivative ( i.e . 3¢ , 3¢ –  gem – di – C – nitromethly – 1–  ribofuranose ) with nitrogen bases , such as , uracil and theophllin following a multi step scheme starting from diacetone golucose (1) (scheme 1) .The prepared compound were identified by spectroscopic methods ; ir , mass , ¹H and ¹³C nmr.

A total of 41 patients with gastro duodenal symptoms (show signs of inflammation with or without duodenal ulcer) . 21 males (51.2%) and 20 female (48.8%) with an average age 0f  (20 – 80) years old under  going gastrointestinal endoscopy at Baghdad teaching hospital in internal disease clinical laboratory , between (February – June)  2009 . Biopsies specimen of antrum , gastric fundus ,& duodenal bulb were examined by the following methods (rapid urease test , Giemsa stain section to detect bacteria , & Haematoxilin and Eosin stained section for pathological study which are considered the gold standard methods , sera or plasma from these patients were tested by immunochromotography (ICM),serological m

Wet granulation method was used instead of conventional pan coating  or fluidized –bed coating technique to prepare enteric-coated diclofenac sodium granules, using ethanolic solution of Eudragit^TM L100 as coating, binding and granulating agent .Addition of PEG400 or di-n-butyl phthalate as a plasticizer was found to improve the enteric property of the coat.

Part of the resulted granules was filled in hard gelatin capsules (size 0), while the other part was compressed into tablets with and without disintegrant.

The release profile of these two dosage forms in 0.1N HCl (pH 1.2)for 2 hours, and in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) for 45 minutes as well as the release kinetic were compared with that of the en

Abstract

In recent decades, progressions in care of health have increased the average lifespan, resulting in an increase in old age population. Unfortunately, this has led to an increase in periods of health problems or disabilities, and multiple diseases that associated with aging are responsible for the largest health problems in the majority of developing nations. Many anti-aging approaches such as healthy life styles and medical therapies aimed for reducing the prevalence of bad health conditions and the age associated disease as Alzheimer disease, cardiovascular disease, renal impairment, and cancer. Grapes, peanuts, and blueberries are just a few examples of the many foods that contain resveratrol, numerous