Free radicals are reactive compounds, their excessive production is considered to be an important cause of oxidative damage in biomolecules causing degenerative diseases. Polyphenols are one of the most important groups of secondary metabolites of plants, which have an antioxidant activity depending on their properties as hydrogen donors. Echinops polyceras Boiss. (Asteraceae) is one of Echinops genus species that spread in Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine. Phytochemicals found in this species leaves have been extracted with gradient polarity solvents, and primary screening of the secondary metabolites was established. The phenolic compounds and flavonoids contents were determined. The free radicals scavenging activity was evaluated for all

Nosocomial infections are one of the most important causes of mortality and morbidity in hospitals. These are major public health problems worldwide, but particularly in developing countries. The purpose of this research was to analyze the frequency of the microorganisms in the specimens taken from the surgical wounds, and to examine antimicrobial susceptibility for some isolates . Wound swabs were examined from June 2010 to January 2011. The isolates were identified by conventional methods, antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method as per NCCLS guidelines.A total of 102 wound swabs were examined 22(21.56%) swabs were sterile and 80(78.43%) were positive for microorganisms. The results showed

Previous reports demonstrated the effectiveness of silibinin hemisuccinate as a potential intraocular pressure-lowering agent. The exact mechanism by which silibinin exerted this effect has not yet been documented, but might suggested to interfere with aqueous humor formation. The present study was designed to evaluate the comparative efficacy of silibinin as IOP lowering agent to that of betaxolol in normotensive rabbits, and the interaction of silibinin with betaxolol as a way for investigating the possible mechanism of action of silibinin in this respect. The effects of instillation of 0.75% silibinin solution and 0.5% betaxolol eye drops in the eyes of normotensive rabbits were evaluated using indentation tonometry. The results showe

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), a powerful type of pharmaceutical medications that combine immunotherapy and chemotherapy. Pemetrexed is a multitarget antifolate agent that inhibit essential enzymes involve in purine and pyrimidine synthesis, therefore serious toxicities of pemetrexed are due to lack of selectivity despite its broad antitumor activity in a wide variety of solid tumors. The aim of the study was to formulate and evaluate our prepared Atezolizumab (AtZ)-pemetrexed (Pem) conjugates as an intravenous (I.V) injectable dosage form. The characterization of the I.V formulation involved drug content, particle size, pyrogen test, sterility test, toxicity test, and stability test. The work revealed that our previously prepared

Dermatophytosis is the most common contagious fungal disease. Iraq, like the other many countries around the world, is facing an emergence of chronic, resistant and relapsing tinea infections. This study compared the efficacy, safety and the relapse rate of a combination therapeutic regimen of itraconazole and terbinafine vs. itraconazole alone in the treatment of chronic tinea infections. The research was conducted at the dermatology and venereology outpatient’s unit, Ramadi Teaching Hospital, Iraq, during the period from May 2022 to May 2023. Patients were divided equally into two groups. Group I received combination of itraconazole and terbinafine while group II was on itraconazole alone for eight weeks for each group. For assessmen

Disulfiram (DSF) is a thiocarbamate derivative that has been used for the treatment of alcoholism. Researchers recently found out that DSF, a medicine authorized by the FDA to prevent alcohol consumption, has been investigated for its potential in cancer treatment. DSF, when taken by mouth, undergoes extensive metabolism in the liver, making it unsuitable for cancer treatment via oral administration. Furthermore, DSF has demonstrated the ability to enhance the cytotoxic impact of anticancer medications while preserving healthy cells. To solve the problem of instability and insufficient therapeutic efficacy, invasomal vesicles developed with better entrapment efficiency and size to serve as a carrier for the transdermal delivery of disulf

The pigweed family, Amaranthaceae, includes Amaranthus viridis, popularly known as green amaranth. This herb grows quickly and has an annual lifespan. Traditionally, it has been used to treat anemia, eczema, bronchitis, inflammation, and leprosy. Additionally for respiratory issues, ocular conditions, and asthma.

The phytochemical analysis of Amaranthus viridis L extracts identifies the presence of several categories of biologically active substances (phytochemicals): phenolics, which include flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic acids. Alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, various classes of triterpenoids, and steroids were also found.

Numerous investigations on A. viridis have been conducted to explore i

The transdermal route of drug delivery has received significant attention in pharmaceutical research due to its ability to overcome many challenges associated with oral medication administration, including the ability to bypass first-pass metabolism, ensuring a more predictable and prolonged period of action, as well as minimizing the occurrence of adverse reactions. Transferosomes are a type of ultra-deformable lipid-based vesicles, that have the potential to offer several benefits compared to the traditional lipid-based vesicles such as liposome. The major goal of this research was to prepare (for the first time) dapagliflozin-loaded transferosomes for the purpose of minimizing the potential risk of hyperglycemia associated with oral a

Hepatic fibrosis is a pathophysiological outcome of sustained wound healing response to chronic liver injury charecterized by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins. Progressive liver fibrosis can be caused by chronic infection of hepatitis B or C, alcohol abuse, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and other relatively conditions. Liver fibrosis, the subsequent cirrhosis represent a serious medical burden; yet, there is still a lack of approved methods or drugs t

Nanomicelles, a nanocarrier drug system, recently applied in medical research as a technique to deliver therapies to the targeted site. Normal nanomicelles building units are amphiphilic molecules (surfactants or polymers) containing hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads that self-assembled into the hydrophobic core-hydrophilic shell-like structure that dispersed into the aqueous media upon hydration. Polymeric nanomicelles had a lower critical micelle concentration by thousands of folds than surfactants of low molecular weight, resulting in a higher stability and circulation time after administration. Mixed nanomicelles have an extra advantage by improving the stability and encapsulation e

An oral bi layer  sustained release (SR) strips of Sodium  Montelukast SMLT , which is selective  leukotriene  antagonist  , used  for  patients  suffered from mid-night asthma , were prepared successfully ,using different polymers, like guar  gum , carrageenan , and xanthan gum , by solvent casting method .

The results obtained by this study revealed  ,that best  fast  dissolving  film of  SMLT was  loaded  in carrageenan   polymer 57%  w\w (30mg.) ,  with  acceptable  physical properties, like film thickness , elastic endurance and  surface pH  .

Besides  to that , the  disintegration  t

         Cosmetic products must be safe for use by consumers , It is also regulated and required the legislation of countries all over the world .  In this study out of 80 cosmetic products analyzed and 32.5% were found to be contaminated .Products such as mascara, lip pencil and eye pencil were analyzed . The contaminants including bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus , Staphylocoocus epidermidis , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia   which were ranging  in number  from (10³-10⁴ ) C.F.U. /ml and fungi such as Penicillium spp. , <

Background: The anticancer impact of Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) the highly active polyphenol of green tea was abundantly studied.  Though, the exact mechanism of its cytotoxicity is still under investigation. Objectives: Hence, the current study designed to investigate the molecular target of EGCG in HepG2 cells on thirteen autophagy- and/or apoptosis- related genes. Methods: The apoptosis detection analyses such as flow cytometry and dual apoptosis assay were used. The genes expression profile was explored by the real-time quantitative-PCR. Results: EGCG increases G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and the real-time apoptosis markers proteins leading to stimulate apoptos

The present work describes guggul as a novel carrier for some anti-inflammatory drugs. Guggulusomes containing different concentration of guggul with aceclofenac were prepared by sonication method and characterized for vesicle shape, size, size-distribution, pH, viscosity, spread ability, homogeneity, and accelerated stability in-vitro drug permeation through mouse skin. The vesicles exhibited an entrapment efficiency of 93.2 ± 12%, vesicle size of 0.769 ± 3μm and a zeta potential of - 6.21mV. In vitro drug release was analyzed using Franz’s diffusion cells. The cumulative release of the guggulusomes gel (G2) was 75.8% in 18 hrs, which is greater than that all the gel formulation. The stability profile of prepare

Osteoporosis (OP)is one of the most important metabolic disorder also affected by interaction of genetic and environmental factors by almost 70% and 30% respectively. Genetic components are identified to strongly effect bone mineral density, bone building and turnover, so they play an important role in determining risk of OP and fragility fractures. This study consists of patient and control group; Group A: (70) postmenopausal women with OP and osteopenia, Group B: (20) control group.  five milliliters of blood sample were divided into three tubes; one tube (1ml) contain gel for obtain serum to measure glucose level, the others tubes containing ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid (EDTA), in 2 tube 2ml stored in deep freeze at (–40

3-coumarin/chalcone B1/B2/B3 hybrids served as malleable antecedents for the development of novel bioactive pharmacophores. In this study, the matching coumarin-chalcones hybrid was obtained from 3-acetylcoumarin (comp A) via condensation with several aromatic aldehydes in ethanolic piperidine solution. To further modify these hybrids, we reacted them with thiourea in the presence of base in ethanol, yielding pyrimidine derivatives C1, C2, and C3. Their chemical characteristics and spectroscopic data were used to characterize the newly synthesized heterocyles. The antibacterial efficacy of all freshly produced compounds was tested. Compound (C3) was shown to have the highest antibacterial activity against both gram positive and gram nega

this study deals with effect of diabetes and hypertension on quality of life

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common inflammatory disease that associated with increased morbidity and mortality due to accelerated atherosclerosis. Rosuvastatin is a unique hydroxy methyl glutaryl Co A (HMGCoA) reductase inhibitor that has anti inflammatory effects.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of rosuvastatin as adjuvant therapy to methotrexate (MTX) on lipid profile and its possible cardioprotective effect in RA patients. A double blinded placebo controlled clinical trial with 8 weeks follow up periods at which 40 patients with active RA using MTX were randomized into 2 groups to receive either rosuvastatin 10mg or placebo as adjuvant therapy to MTX. In addition to twenty healthy subjects as control group.

The study objectives were to 1) explore the real-world experience of hospital pharmacists with the differences in effectiveness safety, and interchangeability between biosimilar medicines and their reference biological counterparts, 2) reveal pharmacist recommendations to enhance the safety of biopharmaceutical medicines in public hospitals.

The study has a mixed-method design where the core component was qualitative (interviews) and the supplemental component was quantitative (adverse drug reaction, ADR, reports). This qualitative component included semi-structured (mostly face-to-face) interviews involving hospital pharmacists from different hospitals with experience with biological or biosimilar medicines. The interviews were c

Since its first description as a cytotoxic agent, Olea europaea leaves extract gained significant popularity against human breast cancer, ethyl acetate extract of Olea europaea leaves obtained by acid hydrolysis method was evaluated in vitro as cytotoxic agent against new human breast cancer (AMJ13) cell line, using the MTT assay. One main pentacyclic triterpenoid; oleanolic acid, was isolated from leaves of Olea europaea by well-known two different methods, but not used for this compound before, the acidic hydrolysis method and basic acidic method. The presence of oleanolic acid was proved in both methods with qualitative and quantitative d

 Patch in transdermal drug delivery(TDDS) used to overcome the hypodermic drawback, but these patch also have absorption limitation for hydrophilic and macromolecule like peptide and DNA. So that micronized projection have the ability for skin penetration developed named as microneedle.  Microneedle drug delivery system is a novel drug delivery to overcome the limitation of TDDS like skin barrier restriction for large molecule. Microneedle patch can penetrate through skin subcutaneous into epidermis, avoiding nerve fiber and blood vessel contact. There are many type of microneedle patch like solid, polymer, hallow, hydrogel forming microneedle and dissolving microneedle with different method of microfabrication

Abstract

To evaluate the effectiveness of Phenolic Compound of Salvia Frigida on induced atopic dermatitis (AD) of mice. Forty mice were included in the study, divided in to four groups (10 mice/group): apparently healthy, induced AD without treatment, induced AD treated with tacrolimus 0.1% ointment, and induced AD treated with Phenolic Compound of Salvia Frigida cream 5%. Examination of histopathology was done and skin homogenates levels also measured. Levels of WBC, Eosinophil, skin tissue homogenate of IL-13 and IL-4, serum IgE, and histopathological scores were significantly increased among induced non treated AD group in comparison with control group. Comparisons of non-treated induced AD

Background: Cannabinoid receptor-1 (CNR1) gene polymorphism is reportedly associated with diabetic nephropathy (DN) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It has been confirmed that CNR1 plays an important role in the peripheral organs, including the kidneys. Alterations of cannabinoid receptor expression and activity have been discovered in various renal diseases such as diabetic nephropathy. The goal is to find out if the CNR1 genetic variations rs750464422 T/C and rs1776965150 T/A affect how likely T2DM Iraqi patients are to get DN. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we included 100 patients who have had T2DM. We classified the participants into two groups: the first group was comprised of 50 patients with DN (the case

The Cassia glauca Lam. is the tree that belongs to the Fabaceae family and is native to India has many uses in indigenous systems of medicine, folk medicine, and traditional Brazilian medicine. Has many pharmacological activities such as anti-diabetic, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-hemolytic, anticancer, cardio-protective, and Hepato-protection.  The aim of study is to Isolation, identification, and quantification of some compounds from aerial parts of Cassia glauca since no phytochemical investigation had previously been done in Iraq for this plant. The aerial parts were defatted in n. hexane for 48 hours. The defatted materials were extracted in 85% ethanol using the hot method (soxh

Letrozole (LZL) is a non-steroidal competitive aromatase enzyme system inhibitor. The aim of this study is to improve the permeation of LZL through the skin by preparing as nanoemulsion using various numbers of oils, surfactants and co-surfactant with deionized water. Based on solubility studies, mixtures of oleic acid oil and tween 80/ transcutol p as surfactant/co-surfactant (Smix) in different percentages were used to prepare nanoemulsions (NS). Therefore, 9 formulae of (o/w) LZL NS were formulated, then pseudo-ternary phase diagram was used as a useful tool to evaluate the NS domain at Smix ratios: 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1.

Genistein (GEN) is The major isoflavone found in soybeans, has a number of cardiovascular health benefits, Postmenopausal syndrome and osteoporosis. A direct flow injection analysis method for estimation of (GEN) in pure and supplements formulation . This system is based on diazotization coupling reactions between procaine penciline (PR) and genistein in basic medium, they formed yellow dyes have maximum absorption at 416 nm. Calibration curve were constructed over different GEN concentrations, linearity for GEN was 10-100 µg.mL-1 and detection limits of 1.51 ?g/mL. In the FIA technique, all analytical factors were analyzed and optimized. The established method was successfully used to determine GEN in the formulations of its supplement

Herpes labialis is an infection caused by the herpes simplex virus, characterized by an eruption of small and usually painful blisters on the skin of the lips, mouth, gums, or the skin around the mouth. Although there is no successful treatment available, the local use of compounds with effective anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects may be of value in this respect. This project was designed to evaluate clinically the local use of silymarin, a group of flavonoids with powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective activity, in the treatment of herpes simplex ulcer. Fifty three patients with herpes labialis ulcers (HLU) were enrolled in this randomized, single blinded, placebo controlled clinical study, and they were al

The fingerprinting DNA method which depends on the unique pattern in this study was employed to detect the hydatid cyst of Echinococcus granulosus and to determine the genetic variation among their strains in different intermediate hosts (cows and sheep).  The unique pattern represents the number of amplified bands and their molecular weights with specialized sequences to one sample which different from the other samples.   Five hydatitd cysts samples  from cows and sheep were  collected, genetic analysis for  isolated DNA was done using PCR technique and  Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA reaction(RAPD) depending on (4) random primers, and the results showed:      

       Worldwide neither information is available regarding the chemical constituents of Pyrus calleryana fruits nor its pharmacological effects. Previous studies demonstrated that Pyrus is a rich source of phenolics and has various pharmacological actions. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the secondary metabolites, especially phenolic compounds, and isolate phenolic acids in addition to investigating the fruits' cytotoxic effect. 

     powdered fruits were defatted with hexane and hexane extract was subjected to GC/MS. the defatted fruits were extracted through reflex (80% ethanol), phytochemical tests were done, and then acidic hyd