Spanlastics are nanovascular drug delivery systems that use surfactants, including hydrophilic and hydrophobic medicines . Spanlastics enhance the ability of medicines to enter the body and provide a continuous release over extended periods . These vesicles possess a high degree of elasticity and flexibility , enabling to improve the transportation of medications through different methods of administrations . Box-behnken design was utilized to establish a relationship between the formulation parameters, specifically the amount of Span 60 , cremophor EL 40 and sonication time and important quality attributes , namely particle size , polydispersity index (PDI) and entrapment efficiency (EE%) . The spanlastic formulations were developed usi

One of the main obstacles to early pregnancy and assisted reproduction is embryo implantation failure. Endometrial receptivity and the interactions between the embryo and the mother determine implantation. The control of implantation involves several molecules. One such molecule is microRNA (miRNA), which is known to have a role in embryo implantation as a transcriptional regulator of gene expression. The current study evaluates the Expression level of miR-210 and miR-1226 with mucin-16 in infertile females under the IVF program and its influence on embryo implantation by measuring the fold change. This study included 26 successful implantations and 58 failed implantations under an in vitro fertilization program and 44 fertile females as

Bis-anthraquinones with a unique molecular backbone, (+)-2,2’-epicytoskyrin A (epi) and (+)-1,1′-bislunatin (bis), was produced by endophytic fungi Diaporthe sp GNBP-10 associated with Gambir plant (Uncaria gambier). Epi and bis possess robust antimicrobial activity toward various pathogens. This study focus on knowing the optimum condition of epi and bis production from Diaporthe sp GNBP-10. A series of culture media with various nutrient compositions was investigated in epi and bis production. The content of epi and bis was determined by measuring the area under the curve from TLC-densitometric (scanner) experiment. The linear regression analysis was then applied to obtain the results. The optimi

Consultation with a healthcare professional before to travel is the basis of travel medicine. Those who received pre-travel advice from health experts exhibited lower risk behavior. This study aimed to identify outgoing Thai travelers’ behavior and knowledge regarding medicinal use when traveling. A cross-sectional survey of Thai nationals traveling abroad was conducted via a self-administered online questionnaire. The analyzed data was collected from February 2020 to June 2020. A descriptive statistic was used for the data analysis. Seven hundred people agreed to take part in this study. Most of them were female and aged 51-60 years old. The most popular destinations among the respondents were located in Asia, followed by Europe. The

In recent decades, global obesity has increased significantly, causing a major health problem with associated complications and major socioeconomic issues. The central nervous system (CNS), particularly the hypothalamus, regulates food intake through sensing the metabolic signals of peripheral organs and modulating feeding behaviors.  The hypothalamus interacts with other brain regions such as the brain stem to perform these vital functions. The gut plays a crucial role in controlling food consumption and energy homeostasis. The gut releases orexigenic and anorexigenic hormones that interact directly with the CNS or indirectly through vagal afferent neurons. Gastrointestinal peptides (GIP) including cholecystokinin, peptide YY, Nesf

Despite the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) being the largest family of signalling proteins at the surface of cells, their potential to be targeted in cancer therapy is still under-utilised. This review highlights the contribution of these receptors to the process of oncogenesis and points to some likely challenges that might be encountered in targeting them. GPCR-signalling pathways are often complex and can be tissue-specific. Cancer cells hijack these communication networks to their proliferative advantage. The role of selected GPCRs in the different hallmarks of cancer is examined to highlight the complexity of targeting these receptors for therapeutic benefit. Our

The present study is to formulate and evaluate Acyclovir (ACV) microspheres using natural polymers like chitosan and sodium alginate. ACV is a DNA polymerase inhibitor used in treating herpes simplex virus infection and zoster varicella infections. Acyclovir is a suitable candidate for sustained-release (SR) administration as a result of its dosage regimen twice or thrice a day and relatively short plasma half-life (approximately 2 to 4 hours). Microspheres of ACV were prepared by an ionic dilution method using chitosan and sodium alginate as polymers. The prepared ACV microspheres were then subjected to FTIR, SEM, particle size, % yield, entrapment efficiency, in vitro dissolution studies and release kinetics mechanism. The FTI

          4-aminobenzenesulfonamide conjugates of ibuprofen (compound 10) and indomethacin (compound 11) have been designed and synthesized by the reaction of sulfanilamide (compound 7) with 2-(4-isobutylphenyl) propanoic acid (ibuprofen) and 2-(1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetic acid (indomethacin) for the evaluation as potential anti-inflammatory agents with expected selectivity against COX-2 enzyme. In vivo acute anti-inflammatory activity of the synthesized final compounds (10 and 11) was evaluated in rats using egg-white induced edema model of inflammation in a dose equivalent to (10mg/Kg) of ibuprofen and (2mg/kg) of indomethacin. The tested compounds pr

         Free radical formation in heme proteins is recognized as a factor in mediating the toxicity of many chemicals. The present study was designed to evaluate the dose-response relationship of the free radical scavenging properties of pentoxifylline in nitrite-induced Hb oxidation. Different concentrations of pentoxifylline were added at different time intervals of Hb oxidation in erythrocytes lysate, and formation of methemoglobin (MetHb) was monitored spectrophotometrically. The results showed that in this model, pentoxifylline successfully attenuates Hb oxidation after challenge with sodium nitrite; this protective effect was found to be not related to the catalytic stage of Hb oxidation, th

Prosopis farcta has been used traditionally for several diseases as cardiovascular, kidney, diabetes, bacterial infection and it has diuretic activity. This study was designed to evaluate the diuretic effects of P. farcta extract in comparison with spironolactone and hydrochlorothiazide in normal and hypertensive rats.Forty eight rats, were divided into Two groups. The First group was consist of Twelve normotensive rats, to represent the control group and normal treated group receiving 50 mg/Kg of P. farcta extract; Six rats in each group.

The Second group involved 36 hypertensive rats, were divided into six subgroups, each of six rats. The First subgroups served as a positive control, the Second, Third

Although topical preparations like creams, ointments, and gels were used for many years to achieve local or sometimes systemic effects, they have many limitations mostly the inability to control the release of medications. In this research, a new emulgel preparation of loxoprofen sodium was formulated as a suitable alternative possessing the properties of both emulsion and gel preparation making it suitable to prolong the release of the hydrophilic drug. For this reason, five different emulgel formulas were prepared using different percentages of liquid paraffin (5%,10%), tween 80 & span 80  emulsifier mixture (2.5%, 5%), and xanthan gum (1%, 2%). The formulations were evaluated for their physicochemical, rheological, and spread

Inflammation of the tonsils could be described as acute tonsillitis, mainly due to infection. Recurrent tonsillitis could be defined as 3-7 episodes during the first 3 years of age. Vitamin D, which is a neuro-hormone with pleiotropic biological activities may modulate the immune response by alleviation, and stimulation of Th1 and Th2 cell proliferation, respectively, that influence the stimulation, synthesis, and secretion of both pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines. In this study we aimed to shed light on the levels of vitamin D in children with different episodes of tonsillitis in association with levels of interleukins (TNFα, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10). Blood samples were collected from 48 participants in 3 groups: control, acute tonsilliti

Abstract

Environmental pollution with heavy metals like lead has become a matter of concern, the accumulation and multi-systemic toxicity of lead affect most body organs and its toxicity is related with many pathological changes, especially on liver. 18 Sprague-Dawley rats weighting 160-250g of both male and female were included; the animals were divided with randomness into three groups, 6 rats each group: 1^st group: Rats were orally inoculated with 0.3 ml saline, after 1 hour, intraperitoneal (IP) injection of 100 μl of saline was given (Control). 2^nd group: Rats received daily IP injection (20 mg/kg body wt.)  of immediately preparation lead acetate for 5 days, the dose and route of admi

Background: The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov2) which utilizes angiotensin converting enzyme2 (ACE2) to invade the host cells. This membrane-bound peptidase is widely distributed in the body; its activity antagonizes the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Once SARS-Cov2 enters the cell, it causes downregulation of ACE2, resulting in the unopposed activation of RAAS. The unregulated activity of the RAAS system can deteriorate the prognosis in COVID-19 patients. A soluble form of ACE2 (sACE2) was reported to have a role in the SARS-Cov2 invasion of the susceptible cells.

Aim of the study: This study aims to inve

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact two doses of Menaquinones-7 on hepatotoxicity induced by doxorubicin in rats. Sixty adult rats of both sexes were used in this study; the animals were randomly enrolled into six groups of 10 animals each. Group I: negative control (rats administered distilled water); Group II: Menaquinones-7 at a dose of  16 µg/kg; Group III: Menaquinones-7 at a dose of 48 µg/kg; Group IV: positive control (Doxorubicin 15 mg/kg); Group V: Menaquinones-7 at a dose of 16 µg/kg administered prior to a single dose of Doxorubicin 15 mg/kg; Group VI: Menaquinones-7 at a dose of 48 µg/kg administered prior to a single dose of  Doxorubicin 15 mg/kg. On day twelve of the study, blood was

So far synthesis of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) analogues reported in the literature has clarified some aspects of structural activity of the naturally released GnRH. As a part of continuing efforts for further understanding of this relationship, the present investigation was undertaken which involved synthesis and biological evaluation of two GnRH analogues, firstly, by replacement of the amino acid L-Argenine in the 8^th position at the backbone structure of the natural hormone by the amino acid D-Alanine; and secondly, by replacement of the amino acid L-Glycine in the 10^th position by D-Alanine also at the backbone structure of the nature hormone, to obtain the following analogues respectively:

P

Forty six Iraqi women with PCOS were involved in this study . They were treated with metformin alone and with antioxidant agents (vitamin E or C).It was found that all patients who treated with metformin or with combination of metformin with antioxidant agents showed significant decrease in hirsutism score. The treatment of metformin with antioxidant agents is of great benefit in treatment of hirsutism in PCOS due to that there was no worsening effect after treatment. This may indicate that antioxidant agents may participate in alleviation of hirsutism so it can be said that oxidative stress may play an important role in developing of hirsutism in PCOS.   

The aim of this study is to formulate and evaluate ezetimibe nanoparticles using solvent antisolvent technology. Ezetimibe is a practically water-insoluble drug which acts as a lipid lowering drug that selectively inhibits the intestinal absorption of cholesterol and related phytosterols. Ezetimibe prepared as nano particles in order to improve its solubility and dissolution rate.

Thirty formulas were prepared and different stabilizing agents were used with different concentrations such as poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVPK-30), poly vinyl alcohol (PVA), hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose E5 (HPMC), and poloxamer. The ratios of drug to stabilizers used to prepare the nanoparticles were 1: 2, 1:3 and 1:4.

The prepared nanoparticles

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), also known as a common polygenic endocrine condition, affects the ovaries and results in infertility and abortion. Dyslipidemia, Diabetes, hypertension, endometrial cancer, and other illnesses may all be made more likely by PCOS. Various drugs are used to treat PCOS, but they have several drawbacks and cannot effectively cure the condition. Therefore, and due to its strong antioxidant activity, anti-obesity, anti-inflammation, and other actions, the flavonoid quercetin has been proven to have health-promoting properties. The purpose of the study was to assess quercetin's impact activity in the treatment of PCOS - induced rats. A PCOS rat model was developed using testosterone.  Female albino Wistar

               Background : It took less than two months for the severe acute respiratory syndrome that caused by coronavirus disease 2019 to become a palsoemic . ATP/GTP binding protein 1 (AGTPBP1) is responsible for encoding a number of proteins, including cytosolic carboxypeptidase1 (CCP1), which has been investigated in degenerative diseases also has a role in the regulation of polyglutamylation of tubulin.

Patients and methods : A 150 people participated in this study were split into three groups, The first group (G₁), served as control group included (50) subjects . Second group (G₂)

Polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS) is a heterogeneous disorder of uncertain etiology , it is the most common endocrinopathy in women and most common cause of anovulatery infertility ,characterized by chronic anovulation and hyperandrogenemia .The present study was designed to investigate the effect of silymarin which is known to have antioxidant and insulin sensitivity effects on the  levels of glucose, insulin ,testosterone ,leutinizing hormone(LH) and progesterone .Ovulation rate and Homeostasis Model Assessment of insulin Resistance (HOMA) ratio were determined .A 3-months of treatment were conducted in 60 PCOS patients in three well-matched groups .The first one (n=20),received silymarin(750mg/day)  .The second group received

Idebenone, a synthetic analogue of ubiquinone (Co-Q10), is used for the treatment of Leiber’s hereditary optic neuropathy. Although it is almost completely absorbed from GIT, its extensive rate of metabolism makes its oral bioavailability less than 1%. This study aims to formulate the poorly water-soluble drug as nanoemulsion (NE) to increase drug solubility as well as transmucosal permeation and circumventing hepatic biodegradation by using transmucosal routes of administration such as intranasal rout to enhance drug bioavailability. Nanoemulsion components were selected through screening of the preferential solubility of IDB in several oils and emulsifying agents and subsequent formulation optimization through screening for their bes

Pterostilbene is a potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia, which is brought on by the induction of testosterone propionate. The objective of the current experiment was to assess the efficacy of pterostilbene treatment in comparison to finasteride and resveratrol by tracking various inflammatory and oxidative markers in a male rat with lower urinary tract symptoms consistent with benign prostatic hyperplasia.

 The forty-eight male rats were divided into sex groups: the control group, which included eight rats given oil vehicle subcutaneously for 42 days; the induction group, which included eight rats given testosterone propionate(4mg/kg/day) subcutaneously daily dose for fourteen d

Lead acetate (Pb) is a hazardous heavy metal that is well-known to impair the functions of bodily systems and organs. This present study identifies the histopathological alterations that Pb toxicity causes in the liver of rabbits as well as the efficacy of ginger (Zingiber Officinale, ZO) in mitigating its negative effects. As ZO is a rich source of several antioxidants, this present study examines its ability to decrease Pb toxicity in test animals. A total of 30 rabbits were randomly divided into three groups (n = 10). The Control group was only fed distilled water, the Negative group was only fed a 2% Pb solution, while the Treated group was fed a 2% Pb solution as well as 100 mg of ZO extract per kilogram of body weight dail

Abstract

Paracetamol toxicity, whether accidental or not is a worldwide issue that leads to hepatotoxicity, acute liver failure, as well as irreversible liver injury requiring liver transplantation. Omega-7 is a monounsaturated fatty acid with a number of beneficial properties. The aim of the present study was to assess the potential protective role of omega-7 fatty acid against hepatotoxicity induced by paracetamol in male rats. Thirty male Rats were separated into five groups (six rats in each group) and received the following treatment: group 1 received liquid paraffin orally via gavage tube for seven days successively, group 2 received liquid paraffin  orally via gavage tube for seven days successively, and o

New series of hydrazones (3a–b) and 1, 3, 4-oxadiazole S-alkylated derivatives (5a–b) of ketorolac (NSAID) were synthesized and their structures were identified by using ATR-FT-IR and ¹HNMR spectroscopic analytical techniques. The synthesized compounds were evaluated in vitro for their antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli), and fungal species (Candida albicans). After the approval of the ethical committee in the college of pharmacy, University of Baghdad, In vivo screening for their anti-inflammatory activity was done using albino rats as an animal model that were subjected to white egg-induced acute inflammation. Results have shown that the target c

         A new method for the determination of the drug cefalexin in some Pharmaceuticals using (UV-Vis) and  indirect Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (FAAS) , Fe III should forms a chelating complex with cefalexin (CEX –Fe III) at pH (1-8) and the best pH for the formation of (CEX –Fe III) chelating complex was (2) .The complex extracted with Methanol  and  Dimethy-Sulphoxide .The mole-ratio method has been used to determine the structure of chelate (CEX - Fe III) and found to be 2:1 LM ( Ligand : Metal.) .

Keywords : Cefalexin , chelating complex.

A series of new complexes were prepared by ligand (DPTYEDAPIBO) interaction with the following metal chlorides: Ni (II), Cu (II), and Pt (IV), as well as AgNO3 dissolved in ethanol. The ligand (DPTYEDAPIBO) is prepared in three steps: The first step is the preparation of compound (A) which is prepared from the reaction of 2-Aminothiazol in ethanol solvent with Benzil. The second step involves the reaction of benzene-1,2-diamine with (E)-3-(hydroxyamino) butan-2-one to form compound (B). As for the third step, it involves the reaction of the product of the first step, compound (A), with the product of the second step, compound (B), to form the ligand. The structures of the ligand and its complexes are confirmed by FT-IR, ¹H-

Growth is a multifactorial process influenced by genetic, nutritional, hormonal, psychosocial and other factors including the general health of a child. Epilepsy defined as a chronic condition characterized by recurrent clinical events or epileptic seizures, which occur in the absence of a metabolic or toxic disease the drugs that use in the treatment of this condition can affect patients growth due to their mechanisms of action. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of some antiepileptic drugs on growth (height and weight) in children with epilepsy. This work involved 51 newly diagnosed children with a different form of epilepsy (Generalized, absent and partial). Patients divided into three groups according to the treatment (group one