A representative sample of a thousand volunteer university students was screened for evidence of thalassemia minor.Complete blood counts using automated blood cell analysers and blood smears were examined. Patients having anemia, abnormal red cell indices or morphological features of thalassemia minor like hypochromia, microcytosis, target cells erythrocytosis and family history of thalassemia were then investigated for determination of  HbA2 & HbF levels. Estimation of hemoglobin A₂ was performed by micro-column chromatography while HbF was done using alkali denaturation. Seventy seven out of the thousand samples tested positive for thalassemia minor. They all showed a hemoglobin A

The pharmacist's role in the community is currently directed towards providing drug information and patient care rather than drug compounding and dispensing. Patient counseling is an essential skill for pharmacists. So as to improve the pharmacist role in the community and enhance the patient's education and counseling skills, many continuing education programs are established. The aim of this study is to assess the perceptions and tendency of community pharmacists in Iraq regarding patients counseling and continuing pharmacists’ educational programs.

Objectives: acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious pathophysiology side effect of rhabdomyolysis. Inflammatory mechanisms play a role in the development of rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI. Citronellol (CT) is a naturally occurring monoterpene alcohol (3,7-Dimethyl-6-often-1-ol) found in aromatic plant species' essential oils. In this study, we explored the protective effects of Citronellol on glycerol-induced AKI.

Methods: Four groups of eight mice each (n=8) were formed by randomly dividing the animals into the groups, glycerol-induced AKI model group, low-dose CT-treated group (50mg/kg), high-dose CT-treated group (100mg/kg), and control group. The renal functions of mice from all groups were evalua

The present study aims to facilitate the development of new agents with better properties specifically, we focus on modifying the basic structure of quinolones; by introducing new functionality at its C3 position. For this purpose, a series of new conjugation derivatives (IIa-Vb) were designed and synthesized by esterification of quinolones (ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, nalidixic acid and norfloxacin) with two types of antioxidants (a: menthol and b: umbelliferone) at their carboxylic group at the C3 position which was replaced by an ester group through a glycol linker. The synthesized compounds were checked and characterized for their purity and chemical structure by spectral techniques (NMR, ATR-FTIR) also they were examined for their

Curcumin (CUR), an active constituent of turmeric which is capable of forming complexes with metal ions. Even though CUR metallocomplexes displayed better biological activities compared to the free CUR, their application in medicine is limited by their poor aqueous solubility. This research aimed to develop self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDSs) to improve the solubility and the antioxidative activity of CUR metallocomplexes. Mononuclear (1:1) CUR metallocomplexes (CUR-Cu, CUR-Mg and CUR-Fe) were synthesised with Cu²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Fe³⁺ salts. The CUR and CUR metallocomplexes were loaded into the microemulsions (MEs) which contains palm oil, Tween 80 and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 at the rat

          A series of conformationally constrained new Propionic acid derivatives were subjected to a synergistic integration of docking and quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) techniques to optimize non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs). Examining the particular conditions for COX-2 inhibition selectivity among these congeners as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors was the aim of the study. The combination of these methodologies accelerates the identification and optimization of lead compounds, facilitating efficient prediction and screening of compound libraries. This integrated approach not only expedites drug discovery but also provides a rational foundation for the design

Endotoxic septic shock (ESS) is a serious clinical syndrome caused by gram-negative bacterial infections. ESS refers to infected patients with high bloodstream endotoxin levels and activity and a high rate of cardiovascular, pulmonary, hepatic, and renal failure. The endotoxin in the bacterial cell wall can evoke neutrophil monocytes and secrete inflammatory mediators like cytokines, nitric oxide, histamine, and bradykinin, causing local and systemic inflammation, severe vasodilation, endothelial dysfunction, increased capillary permeability, vascular fluid extravasation, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Mice were utilized as experimental animals for research by inducing endotoxemia or a septic-like condition that closely simu

Cholestasis is defined as a reduction or stagnation in bile secretion and flow. Inflammation results from blocked bile that leaks into the bloodstream and accumulates in the organs. It was postulated that cilnidipine would mitigate the liver damage linked to cholestasis by its confirmed farnesoid x receptor (FXR) activation. Hence, this study aimed to examine the impact and potential anticholestatic capabilities of cilnidipine in the rat’s model of cholestasis produced by α‑naphthyl isothiocyanate (ANIT), which is a widely used model that resembles human cholestasis. The white albino rats used in this investigation were separated into three distinct groups, with eight in each group. Negative control (Group I), in this group, rats ge

Amaranthus viridis (green amaranth), is naturally grown in Iraq belongs to the Amaranthaceae family, and is considered pseudocereal. This herb displays various classes of secondary metabolites including polyphenols, and phytosterols, in addition to other types of terpenes and fatty derivatives.  Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, cardioprotective, and hepatoprotective are among the evaluated and proven clinical activities. Recently herbal remedies have emerged as a noteworthy new therapeutic option for several cancers. The most common cause of cancer mortality in Iraq is lung cancer.  Few previous studies stated the invitro anticancer effect of this herb on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell and against HepG2, B16F10 mela

Hibiscus tiliaceus L. is a member of the Malvaceae family. It has been documented to exhibit antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, expectorant, anthelmintic, and anticancer properties. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of ethanol leaf extract from Hibiscus tiliaceus L. on methotrexate-induced chromosomal aberrations, specifically the Mitotic Index and Micronucleus Frequency, in spleen and bone marrow cells.

 The comparison was made with metformin. The study involves the categorization of the animals into five groups, with each group consisting of six rats. The rats are then subjected to the following treatments: Group I (negative control) consisted of six rats that were administered a

The pigweed family, Amaranthaceae, includes Amaranthus viridis, popularly known as green amaranth. This herb grows quickly and has an annual lifespan. Traditionally, it has been used to treat anemia, eczema, bronchitis, inflammation, and leprosy. Additionally for respiratory issues, ocular conditions, and asthma.

The phytochemical analysis of Amaranthus viridis L extracts identifies the presence of several categories of biologically active substances (phytochemicals): phenolics, which include flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic acids. Alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, various classes of triterpenoids, and steroids were also found.

Numerous investigations on A. viridis have been conducted to explore i

Numerous pharmacological compounds now on the market are ineffective in treating brain disorders ,they are not getting to the brain with the concentration required to have a pharmacological effect. Since there are many barrier as blood brain barrier (BBB), P-glycoprotein (an active efflux transporter), and specific enzymatic activity are some of the mechanisms that protect the brain from harmful circumstances. These systems, in particular BBB hinder therapeutic interventions of many medications . Thus, the majority of the medicine cannot give the desired effect because they cannot penetrate the brain, so they are useless in the treatment of brain illnesses . As a result, numerous Therefore, strategies that could enhance drug delivery to

         Niosomes are bilayer vesicles formed by the self-assembly of non-ionic surfactants, they are receiving increasing attention as a potential oral drug delivery system specifically for poor soluble drugs to enhance its dissolution and ultimately its absorption and oral bioavailability. Axitinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor works by blocking the vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR), decreasing the development of neovascularization which supress the tumour growth. It is classified as class 11 drug which has low bioavailability due to its poor solubility and absorption.  In this study, axitinib (AXT) capsules based niosomes formulated by thin film hydratio

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), a powerful type of pharmaceutical medications that combine immunotherapy and chemotherapy. Pemetrexed is a multitarget antifolate agent that inhibit essential enzymes involve in purine and pyrimidine synthesis, therefore serious toxicities of pemetrexed are due to lack of selectivity despite its broad antitumor activity in a wide variety of solid tumors. The aim of the study was to formulate and evaluate our prepared Atezolizumab (AtZ)-pemetrexed (Pem) conjugates as an intravenous (I.V) injectable dosage form. The characterization of the I.V formulation involved drug content, particle size, pyrogen test, sterility test, toxicity test, and stability test. The work revealed that our previously prepared

Dermatophytosis is the most common contagious fungal disease. Iraq, like the other many countries around the world, is facing an emergence of chronic, resistant and relapsing tinea infections. This study compared the efficacy, safety and the relapse rate of a combination therapeutic regimen of itraconazole and terbinafine vs. itraconazole alone in the treatment of chronic tinea infections. The research was conducted at the dermatology and venereology outpatient’s unit, Ramadi Teaching Hospital, Iraq, during the period from May 2022 to May 2023. Patients were divided equally into two groups. Group I received combination of itraconazole and terbinafine while group II was on itraconazole alone for eight weeks for each group. For assessmen

The transdermal route of drug delivery has received significant attention in pharmaceutical research due to its ability to overcome many challenges associated with oral medication administration, including the ability to bypass first-pass metabolism, ensuring a more predictable and prolonged period of action, as well as minimizing the occurrence of adverse reactions. Transferosomes are a type of ultra-deformable lipid-based vesicles, that have the potential to offer several benefits compared to the traditional lipid-based vesicles such as liposome. The major goal of this research was to prepare (for the first time) dapagliflozin-loaded transferosomes for the purpose of minimizing the potential risk of hyperglycemia associated with oral a

Hepatic fibrosis is a pathophysiological outcome of sustained wound healing response to chronic liver injury charecterized by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins. Progressive liver fibrosis can be caused by chronic infection of hepatitis B or C, alcohol abuse, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and other relatively conditions. Liver fibrosis, the subsequent cirrhosis represent a serious medical burden; yet, there is still a lack of approved methods or drugs t

Disulfiram (DSF) is a thiocarbamate derivative that has been used for the treatment of alcoholism. Researchers recently found out that DSF, a medicine authorized by the FDA to prevent alcohol consumption, has been investigated for its potential in cancer treatment. DSF, when taken by mouth, undergoes extensive metabolism in the liver, making it unsuitable for cancer treatment via oral administration. Furthermore, DSF has demonstrated the ability to enhance the cytotoxic impact of anticancer medications while preserving healthy cells. To solve the problem of instability and insufficient therapeutic efficacy, invasomal vesicles developed with better entrapment efficiency and size to serve as a carrier for the transdermal delivery of disulf

The term "inflammatory bowel disease" refers to a group of gastrointestinal tract inflammatory disorders that are considered idiopathic, chronic, and relapsing. The two primary disorders that comprise inflammatory bowel disease are Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Infliximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody, is a medication used to treat a number of autoimmune diseases such ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis. Therapeutic drug monitoring is a tool used in therapeutic decision-making that allows dosage modifications to be made in accordance with clinical and laboratory measures, usually blood concentrations of the drug, in order to achieve the drug exposure linked to the best res

          Chronic stable angina pectoris (CSAP) is a prevalent heart disease which can be defined as a symptom or a clinical syndrome of stable coronary artery disease (CAD). CAD is usually caused by the presence of atherosclerotic plaques or blood clot within coronary arteries that may lead to ischemia. miRNA 133a is mainly expressed in the muscle and it has a role in apoptosis, angiogenesis, hypertrophy, atherosclerosis and ischemia. MR-proADM is of endothelial origin and produced by different sites in the body mainly by the heart, kidneys, lungs and adrenal medulla. MR-proADM plasma level is thought to be predictive of CAD. The aim of the current study was to detect the serum levels of micr

Nanomicelles, a nanocarrier drug system, recently applied in medical research as a technique to deliver therapies to the targeted site. Normal nanomicelles building units are amphiphilic molecules (surfactants or polymers) containing hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads that self-assembled into the hydrophobic core-hydrophilic shell-like structure that dispersed into the aqueous media upon hydration. Polymeric nanomicelles had a lower critical micelle concentration by thousands of folds than surfactants of low molecular weight, resulting in a higher stability and circulation time after administration. Mixed nanomicelles have an extra advantage by improving the stability and encapsulation e

           Isradipine is a calcium channel blocker, it’s the drug of choice for oral therapy of severe hypertension and urgent hypertension crises in pediatrics. It belongs to the BCS class II. Its oral bioavailability will be approximately 15 to 24 %.

          This study aims to prepare a stable, low-toxic, eco-friendly, surfactant-free oral oil-in-water emulsion of Isradipine for pediatric patients and enhance dosing accuracy. Isradipine surfactants–free emulsions (SFE) were prepared to protect this ester drug from hydrolysis, oxidation, photosensitivity, increasing its solubility and absorption, thereby improving its bioavailabi

One of the innovative approaches to delivering drugs via topical route is nanoemulation (NE), which is easy to manufacture, stable over the long term, and has a potent solubilization property. Pimecrolimus is a low water soluble drug used to treat psoriasis, eczema, atopic dermatitis and vitiligo. This work describes the high-energy ultrasonication technique used to prepare pimecrolimus nanoemulsion. A pseudo-ternary phase diagram was created in order to determine the ideal ratios of oil-surfactant/co-surfactant mixture for the creation of nanoemulsions. Based on pimecrolimus's solubility in various oils, surfactants, and co-surfactants, Tween 80 was chosen as a surfactant, ethanol as a co-surfactant, and benzyl alcohol as an oil phase .

An oral bi layer  sustained release (SR) strips of Sodium  Montelukast SMLT , which is selective  leukotriene  antagonist  , used  for  patients  suffered from mid-night asthma , were prepared successfully ,using different polymers, like guar  gum , carrageenan , and xanthan gum , by solvent casting method .

The results obtained by this study revealed  ,that best  fast  dissolving  film of  SMLT was  loaded  in carrageenan   polymer 57%  w\w (30mg.) ,  with  acceptable  physical properties, like film thickness , elastic endurance and  surface pH  .

Besides  to that , the  disintegration  t

The bioequivalence of a single dose tablet containing 5 mg amlodipine as a test product in comparison to Norvasc^® 5 mg tablet (Pfizer USA) as the reference product was studied. Both products were administered to twenty eight healthy male adult subjects applying  a fasting, single-dose, two-treatment, two-period, two-sequence, randomized crossover design with two weeks washout period between dosing. Twenty blood samples were withdrawn from each subject over 144 hours period. Amlodipine concentrations were determined in plasma by a validated HPLC-MS/MS method. From the plasma concentration-time data of each individual, the pharmacokinetic parameters; C_max, T_max, AUC_0-t, AUC_0-

This study detects the presence of cholesterol in an Iraqi plant named Suaeda baccata Forsk of the family Chenopodiacae, wildly and widely grown in Iraq. The absence of any publication concerning the sterol content of this Suaeda specie, and the industrial importance of cholesterol depending on its role as a precursor in the synthesis of some hormones, like progesterone, acquired this study its value. The investigations revealed the presence of cholesterol that was proved by TLC together with the standard compound cholesterol, and anisaldehyde spray reagent using three different solvent systems, then authenticated by HPLC, in which the reten

          Liver injury can arise post-exposure to drugs or their metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements^. Tamoxifen is a famous drug used in breast cancer treatment. Long-term tamoxifen treatment has been associated with the development of hepatotoxicity. Oxidative stress, fatty changes, and inflammation are the major implicated mechanisms contributing to tamoxifen hepatotoxicity including the iNOS-mediated inflammatory pathway in addition to standard hepatotoxicity biomarkers like alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Nebivolol is a third-generation selective beta1-adrenergic receptor blocker with vasodilator characteristics with significant antio

Abstract

  The objective of this study was to investigate the phytochemical constituents of two different parts of Vigna radiata (seeds and sprouts), and identify their  anti angiogenic activity .the goal was achieved by Preliminary qualitative phytochemical screening for crude ethanolic extract of two parts of plant

 ; rat aorta anti-angiogenesis assay had been conducted for both extracts .   isolation , separation and purification of some phytochemical constituents that belong to important groups (flavonoids) from  n-butanol fraction extract of Vigna radiata plant had been done in pure form by using preparative thin layer chromatography ( PTLC ) and then