A new spectrophotometric method has been developed for the assay of olanzapine (OLN.) in pure and dosage forms. The method is based on the diazocoupling of (OLN.) with diazotized p-nitroaniline in alkaline medium to form a stable brown colored water-soluble azo dye with a maximum absorption at 405 nm.  The variables that affect the completion of reaction have been carefully optimized. Beer’s law is obeyed over the concentration range of (0.5-45.0 μg.mL^-1) with a molar absorptivity of 1.5777×10⁴ L.mol^-1.cm^-1.  The limit of detection was  0.3148  Î¼g.mL^-1 and  Sandell’s  sensitivity value was 0.0198 μg.cm^-2. The propose

Asthma is a chronic respiratory disorder in which immunological and structural cells play a role. The limits of conventional medicines necessitate the development of innovative therapeutic techniques for asthma. In the present study, we investigated the possible protective effect of cinnamic acid (CA) on ovalbumin-induced asthma in a mouse model. Sixty albino male mice BALB/c type weighing (20-30) grams were chosen at random and divided into five groups each one contains 12 animal: Group I: PBS/liquid paraffin control. Group II: asthma model group. Group III: cinnamic acid control group; mice received cinnamic acid (50 mg/kg) in liquid paraffin orally by gavage. Group IV: asthma model / group of (25 mg / kg) cinnamic acid; mice received

Acute toxicity is a step to evaluate the toxicity of a substance. Rutin is one of the flavonoid compounds with a variety of pharmacological effects. The aim of the study is to calculate the lethal dose that affect fifty percent of the mice used in the experiment (LD50). Thirty Swiss albino male and 30 non-pregnant female mice have been divided equally and randomly into 5 treated groups and one control group (n=5)  Rutin has been administered with  concentrations 5, 2.5.1.25,0.625 and 0.312 g/kg administered as a single dose intraperitoneally (IP) while the control group received 1% DMSO (IP).  Animals were observed for any morbidity and mortality for 14 days. After 14 days the animal blood collected for biochemical and hem

 ABSTRACT

Two compounds were isolated from the fruit part of Rhus coriaria that grow wildly or cultivated in the north of Iraq. The compounds were separated by preparative high-Performance Liquid Chromatography and their structures were established based on detailed spectroscopic techniques like FTIR and LC-MS/MS.

Keywords: Rhus coriaria, Preparative HPLC, LC-MSMS, FTIR

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disorder that is a serious health concern all over the globe, it is linked to Interleukin-10 (IL-10) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the promoter region. On the other hand, diabetes influences the cellular and humoral immunity predisposing the patient to a variety of opportunistic parasites one of them is Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), which may infect any nucleated cell, including pancreatic cells. The purpose of this research was to explore the association of IL-10 genetic polymorphisms with T2DM and latent toxoplasmosis among Iraqi patients with T2DM. Fifty-five and fifty-eight venous blood samples were taken from T2DM patients and age-matched non-diabetic person

        Isradipine related to dihydropyridine (DHP) class of calcium channel blockers (CCBs). It is  used to treat hypertension, angina pectoris, as well as Parkinson disease. It goes under the BCS class II drug (low solubility-high permeability). The drug will experience extensive first-pass metabolism in liver, thus, oral bio-availability will be approximately15 to 24 %. 

       The aim of the study is preparing stable oral oil in water (o/w) nanoemulsion of isradipine to promote the colloidial dispersion of isradipine in the nano range, so that it may be absorded by intestinal lymphatic transport in order to avoid hepatic first-pass metabolism (israpidi

Anastrozole (ANZ) is considered constitute of the fourth –generation of Non–steroidal aromatase blockage, ANZ has use for hormone receptor positive breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The serious side effects of ANZ including, vaginal dryness, hot flashes, irritability, breast tenderness and un–stability in circulation.

Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) have recently emerged as a multifunctional platform for drug delivery in cancer therapy.

Five formula were composed of (200 mg of glyceryl monostearate, 40 mg of oleic acid , 1% (w/w) Tween 80, 1% (w/w) Poloxamer 407, 1% (w/w) soy lecithin and Vitamin E Polyethylene Glycol Succinate.

The mean particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, entrapme

Abstract

   Nephrotoxicity is defined as rapid deterioration in kidney functions. It arises from direct exposure to drugs or their metabolites. Methotrexate is a famous chemotherapeutic drug with anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. A high-dose methotrexate-induced renal dysfunction can be life threatening. Cyanocobalamin, one of the forms of vitamin B₁₂, acts as a coenzyme in the conversion of homocysteine to methionine in the cytosol, and the conversion of methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA in the mitochondrion. This study is designed to examine the effect of cyanocobalamin in two different doses each co-administered with methotrexate at 20 mg/kg induced nephrotoxicity in rat

Abstract

To evaluate the effectiveness of Phenolic Compound of Salvia Frigida on induced atopic dermatitis (AD) of mice. Forty mice were included in the study, divided in to four groups (10 mice/group): apparently healthy, induced AD without treatment, induced AD treated with tacrolimus 0.1% ointment, and induced AD treated with Phenolic Compound of Salvia Frigida cream 5%. Examination of histopathology was done and skin homogenates levels also measured. Levels of WBC, Eosinophil, skin tissue homogenate of IL-13 and IL-4, serum IgE, and histopathological scores were significantly increased among induced non treated AD group in comparison with control group. Comparisons of non-treated induced AD

Piroxicam (PIR) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug of oxicam category, used in gout, arthritis, as well as other inflammatory conditions (topically and orally). PIR is practically insoluble in water, therefore the aim is prepare and evaluate piroxicam as liquid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system to enhance its dispersibility and stability. The Dispersibilty and Stability study have been conducted in Oil, Surfactant and Co-surfactant for choosing the best materials to dissolve piroxicam. The pseudo ternary phase diagrams have been set at 1:1, 2:1, 3:1 as well as 4:1 ratio of surfactants and co-surfactants, also there are 4 formulations were prepared by using various concentrations of transcutol HP, cremophore EL and triacetin

Atopic dermatitis (atopic eczema), is a common familial chronic inflammatory skin disease, determined by xerosis, itching, scaly and erythematous skin lesions, and high serum levels of IgE. Between 10 to 20% of children and 1 to 3% of adults worldwide affected by it and has negative medical and social effect on patients and their families. To evaluate the effectiveness of Phytosterol Fraction of Chenopodium Murale on induced atopic dermatitis (AD) of mice; Forty mice were included in the study, divided in to four groups (10 mice/group): apparently healthy, induced AD without treatment, induced AD treated with Tacrolimus 0.1% ointment, and induced AD treated with Phytosterol Fraction of Chenopodium Murale cream 3% topica

Objectives: acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious pathophysiology side effect of rhabdomyolysis. Inflammatory mechanisms play a role in the development of rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI. Citronellol (CT) is a naturally occurring monoterpene alcohol (3,7-Dimethyl-6-often-1-ol) found in aromatic plant species' essential oils. In this study, we explored the protective effects of Citronellol on glycerol-induced AKI.

Methods: Four groups of eight mice each (n=8) were formed by randomly dividing the animals into the groups, glycerol-induced AKI model group, low-dose CT-treated group (50mg/kg), high-dose CT-treated group (100mg/kg), and control group. The renal functions of mice from all groups were evalua

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become one of the most common chronic liver diseases worldwide, which characterized by steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. The aim of this designed study is to evaluate the ability of guggulsterone to prevent high fat diet induced steatohepatitis in mice. Five groups of male mice were selected and treated as the following: group I, mice had free access to standard commercial diet and considered as control group, group II, mice were fed a specially formulated high-fat diet for 12 weeks to induce non-alcoholic liver disease, while groups III, IV and V the mice were administered high fat diet containing guggulsterone at 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm concentration respectively for 12 weeks. Maintaini

Naproxen is a non steroidal anti inflammatory and antipyretic drug which has local irritation effect  on  the  stomach, and  unpleasant taste,  besides bad   flowability and light sensitivity .The drug was prepared as microcapsules by complex coacervation method using acacia-gelatin coating materials , and aqueous colloid polymer dispersion method ( ACPD ), using ethyl cellulose and sodium alginate coating materials . The results indicated that microcapsules prepared by 2:1  core:wall ratio is the best for both methods, with an average encapsulation efficiency (75%) and avarege yield (90%) .

Moreover the drug release was affected mainly by core : ratio ,pH enviroment and method of microenca

Alpha-tocopherol acetate is one of the most important vitamin E derivatives,that were used  as antioxidants. Adsorbents like kaolin, magnesium carbonate, and microcrystalline cellulose were used successfully to incorporate oily alpha-tocopherol acetate into an acceptable powder dosage form. The results revealed that microcrystalline cellulose as an adsorbents gave the best results with 50% loading capacity at time, 8 minutes before and after incubation period (3 months at 30C°), while kaolin and magnesium carbonate have been shown a significant difference before and after incubation. Addition of 1% w/w magnesium carbonate to the kaolin enhanced the loading capacity by decreasing the time of adsorption from 20 to 6 minutes and 47

The antihypertensive medication olmesartan medoxomil (OLM) is pharmacologically selective  angiotensin-II receptor antagonist. Pharmaceutically speaking, OLM is a class II medication (low solubility, high permeability) that is practically insoluble.Due to its extremely poor solubility, which negatively affects its usefulness, oral medication have a low (26%) bioavailability. The current strategy involves generating OLM as a micellar dispersion in the nano range scale utilizing the film hydration process. In order to prepare transparent aqueous formulations, increase drug solubilization, and administer medication orally, Soluplus (SLP) was employed as a micellar nanocarrier.Different SLP concentrations were used to make eight formula

A series of new imides compounds[1-4] were synthesized from reaction of tetrachlorophthalic anhydride or nitro phthalic anhydride or malic anhydride or Succinic anhydride  with  4-amino benzene thiol under fusion conditions. Chloroacetic acid has been added after compounds [1-4] reacted with distilled H₂O and Na₂CO₃, producing compounds [5-8]. In benzene, compounds [5-8] also interacted with the thionyl chloride to produce [9-12]. Poly (vinyl alcohol) was chemically modified by reacting PVA with compounds [9-12] and dimethyl formamide to produce compounds [13-16]. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are mixed with modified PVA [13-16] to create nanocomposites [17-20]. Spectral and analytical data f

Abstract

      A thin film refers to a pliable polymer layer, with or without a plasticizer, that has been observed to enhance the onset of medicine action, reduce dosing frequency, and enhance the efficacy of drugs. One such technique involves the utilization of polyelectrolyte complexes (PEC) in the preparation of films. This work concerned with studying variables affecting the preparation of topical film for penciclovir using PEC of chitosan and acacia. In this study, Skin bioadhesive polymeric films were fabricated using a solvent casting approach, using acacia gum and chitosan as the main components. The resulting films were further examined to evaluate their features and drug relea

Despite decades of advanced medical study, extracts from coniferous plants have recently been found to be effective against tumor disorders. One of the most prevalent cancers in the world is lung cancer in which every two and a half minutes, lung cancer is discovered in the world. Portulacaria afra Jacq. (spekboom or pork bush) is a medicinal plant belonging to the family of Didieraceae, that contains (7) genera and (20) species .The plant's historical advantages and mythical significance include the usage as a diuretic, for sores, for persistent rash, for heartburn, and for rheumatism. Additionally, it has been claimed that P. afra exhibits antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant anti-inflammatory and cancer-pr

       In this study, a series of compounds (B1-B10) containing the (OR-) bond were prepared from nucleophilic substitution reaction of the Schiff base compound containing the (OH) group with different halides (alkyl halides, benzyl halides, benzoyl halides, sulfonyl halides) using the Williamson method. The prepared compounds were identified by FTIR, ¹HNMR, and ¹³CNMR, then their effectiveness was evaluated against positive and negative gram bacterial and fungal and compared with two standard references (Ciprofloxacin ,Clotrimazole ). Overall , some of prepared compounds showed inhibition zone against Gram-positive and negative bacteria, and some compounds did not show

Bacterial infections are ongoing challenging due to resistance developed by infectious bacteria. So that many researches targeting designing new antibacterials are published annually. Heterocycles are important field in organic synthesis due to their biological activities. Because of their important and considerable pharmacological activities; 1,3-benzothiazole derivatives had received special attention. The purines nucleus are present in several compounds that possess a wide  range of  biological activities such as antiviral, antifungal, antitumor and antibacterial activities. Hybridization-combing two pharmacophores to form one molecule-is usual method in designing new drugs. The new derivatives of 6-mercaptopurine with 1,3-b

The first disease-modifying drug for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) was interferon beta 1b (IFN).this drug demonstrated efficacy in relapse MS, But There are many difficulties in treating multiple sclerosis, including the well-known side effect of betaferon(hepatotoxicity or liver injury), which present as brief, mild elevations in serum aminotransferase (ALT,AST) levels appear 3 to 12 months after starting treatment. A naturally occurring antioxidant is quercetin which act as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory agent , it also have antiviral, anticancer and cardiovascular   properties.The study aimed to investigate the apoptotic potential of betaferon on liver cells and to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of the anti

Abstract

The family Anacariaceae, which includes the species Rhus coriaria L., is a widely recognised spice often known as Sumac. It is classified within the Rhus genus and boasts a diverse range of over 250 species. Sumac is an abundant and naturally occurring botanical resource that possesses a diverse array of bioactive chemicals, hence rendering it highly versatile in terms of its potential therapeutics. The literatures indicate that it comprises many metabolites, such as hydrolysable tannins, minerals, and conjugated phenolic acids. Sumac has significant antioxidant activities attributed to the presence of phenolic components, specifically gallic acid and its derivatives. Sumac is commonly e

There are many causes of osteoporosis, and one of them is deficiency in vitamin D resulting from vitamin D receptor polymorphism. This polymorphism makes the bones and tissues that contain vitamin D receptors resistant to vitamin D and not getting enough concentrations. The aim of this study is to find the correlation between vitamin D receptor Taq1 (rs731236) gene polymorphism and bone turnover markers (procollagen-I and deoxypyridinoline) in postmenopausal osteoporotic women after taking a certain dose of vitamin D. Forty postmenopausal women were included who were diagnosed with osteoporosis according to WHO guidelines by taking bone mineral density measurements by DXA-scan. The participating patients received a vitamin D dos

The aim of this research is to prepare a set of complexes with the general formula [M(HMB)n] , where M=VO (II) , Cr(III) and Cu(II) while  n=2,3,2 respectively resulting from the reaction of anew ligand [N'-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-4-methylbenzohydrazide] (HMB) derived from the reaction of the tow substances (4-methylbenzohydrazide  and 2-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzaldehyde) with metal ions. The prepared compounds were identified by several spectroscopic methods such as Infrared, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Electronic Spectra. From the results of the measurements, it was suggested that the prepared complexes have different geometries such as square planar (Cu), square pyramidal (VO) and octahedral (Cr). DFT simulations backed

               Pharmacovigilance (PhV) is the science that is essential for detecting, preventing and reducing the adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Its main goal is to ensure the safety of post-marketing medications. This study is designed to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice of the pharmacy staffs (pharmacists and their assistants) toward PhV and ADRs reporting in the community pharmacies in Sulaimani City-Kurdistan Region-Iraq. The study designed as a cross-sectional face-to-face interview survey. A self-administered questionnaire was used in this study, the interviews were conducted from June to October 2022, a total of 141 pharmacists and their assistant

         Doxorubicin is a chemotherapeutic agent belonging to the anthracyclines that are used for the treatment of a wide variety of malignancies, however, it is correlated with serious cardiotoxicity, Hidrosmin is a synthetic flavonoid derived from hesperidin, diosmin which has pleiotropic effects including anti-ischemic, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Vitamin C is a water-soluble may reduce the risks of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and stroke. Forty-five mature male rats their prime weight from 250-280 gm were divided into five groups; Group 1:  control group, where rats were injected intraperitoneally with (1ml/kg) of normal saline ever

          Liver injury can arise post-exposure to drugs or their metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements^. Tamoxifen is a famous drug used in breast cancer treatment. Long-term tamoxifen treatment has been associated with the development of hepatotoxicity. Oxidative stress, fatty changes, and inflammation are the major implicated mechanisms contributing to tamoxifen hepatotoxicity including the iNOS-mediated inflammatory pathway in addition to standard hepatotoxicity biomarkers like alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Nebivolol is a third-generation selective beta1-adrenergic receptor blocker with vasodilator characteristics with significant antio

 There are obstacles to high levels of hypertension awareness that are embedded in gender, income and lifestyle habits which need to be addressed leading to high levels of undiagnosed and uncontrolled hypertension. This study aimed to explore the various factors which affect hypertension awareness among a hypertensive population in a tertiary care hospital.

 A quantitative study was conducted among hypertensive patients at a tertiary care hospital in Selangor, Malaysia. A validated and translated questionnaire was utilised as a data collection tool. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 25.

A thousand participants (female n=621, male n= 379) were recruited, and their

The Cassia glauca Lam. is the tree that belongs to the Fabaceae family and is native to India has many uses in indigenous systems of medicine, folk medicine, and traditional Brazilian medicine. Has many pharmacological activities such as anti-diabetic, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-hemolytic, anticancer, cardio-protective, and Hepato-protection.  The aim of study is to Isolation, identification, and quantification of some compounds from aerial parts of Cassia glauca since no phytochemical investigation had previously been done in Iraq for this plant. The aerial parts were defatted in n. hexane for 48 hours. The defatted materials were extracted in 85% ethanol using the hot method (soxh